1. Compare and contrast the hard and thehybrid/socio-technical approaches for developing eGovernment systems.

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Introduction: E- Government
Modern information technologies are currently pervasive in industrialised nations, and their practical use is revealing their impact on the social development of the nations. There are an increasing number of people, businesses, and institutions using the internet to fulfil their demands. Under these circumstances, the principles of government services' political neutrality and openness must be mobile. It should be mentioned that political and social technologies are currently expanding their potential applications in political administration.
The foundation for implementing reforms is e-government initiatives launched in numerous nations. Use of e-government ICT facilitates the expansion of governmental services and facilitates information sharing between the public, private sector, and other governmental entities.
Government has been and continues to be the only significant information user, creator, holder, and collector (Heeks 2006). All staff levels and all activities need information as a major resource. According to Isaac Henry, information is essential for managing resources, carrying out tasks, evaluating performance, and providing services as well as for reviewing democratic and political processes (1997:132). Consequently, a lot of information is needed for government activities.
Approaches to e-government management
There are the three approaches.
· Centralized, top-down methods may be helpful, but they may also be...