1) The concept of Abstraction in object-oriented programming (OOP) means that only essential attributes are “shown” while unnecessary information is “hidden”. The main purpose of Abstraction is hiding...

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The concept ofAbstractionin object-oriented programming (OOP) means that only essential attributes are “shown” while unnecessary information is “hidden”. The main purpose of Abstraction is hiding unnecessary details from users. It is also means selecting data from a larger pool to show only relevant characteristics of the object to the user (Hartman, 2022). For instance, a car driver does not need to understand the internal workings of the car system when he or she matches the breaks. The only interest here is for the car to slow down or stop.

With the implementation of Abstraction in software development, the time for writing code is reduced since the duplication of code is avoided and reusability of code is increased. Furthermore, Abstraction helps to increase security of an application or programs since only important details are provided to the user (Abstraction in C++, 2018).

Object-OrientedModellingpresents a new way of thinking about problems which involves visualizing things such as applications using models organized around the real world implementation. The importance of modelling in software systems development can be likened to having a blueprint for a large building that is essential for its construction. Modelling enhances understanding and communication amongst software development teams. In its simplest form, modelling is building a model of an application which includes implementation details of the system during design stage. The identification and organization of application with respect to its domain is done at this stage, rather than their final representation in any given programming language. Modelling does not depend on any language however, once modelling is done for an application, it can be implemented in any suitable language available (The People’s University. (n.d)). The main advantage of object-oriented programming is having the ability to effectively describe complex systems and transfer the model to an object-oriented computer code without major changes such that the gap between the designed model and the computer implementation is very small during the whole modelling process. This allows very fast design and modification to achieve convergence. This means that modelling enables development of complex software and by implication, reduces the time required for software development (Friedrich, 1995).

Conditionalsin object-oriented programming are tools for decision making based on specified conditions. When there are no conditions around statements, conditionals execute sequentially however if a condition is put in for a block of statements, the flow of execution will change depending on the result that the condition evaluates (Thompson, 2022). By their very nature, conditionals would help in shortening code in software development which in turn reduces the time to deliver a given software development project.

Iterationis one of the basic building blocks of an algorithm (a plan, a step-by-step instructions designed to solve a problem) which in turn are critical to software development. Iteration refers to the repetition of a sequence of instructions or code until a specific end result is achieved. When the sequence of instructions is repeatedly executed, this is known as a loop and the computer is said to iterate through the loop. The application of Iteration in software development helps in algorithm/code simplification which makes software development faster and simpler (Awati, 2022, & “Iteration in programming”, n.d).

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1. Abstraction

Data Abstraction is when it shows the simple and basic information about a device, and it also hides the device's internal functions. It is making the technology user-friendly, but it hides the way it works. It makes it impossible for the competition to copy their technology. Abstraction has two types

• Abstraction using classes is A class organizes the data into categories. With access specifiers, the classes determine which functions users can see and which functions remain hidden(Team, 2021).


• Abstraction in the header hides all the inner functions from users(Team, 2021).

Abstraction also has three layers

• The physical layer is the lowest level. It tells the system how to store data.


• Logical shows the types of data in storage and connections between data. Some use it to decide what data to keep.


• The view is the highest layer. Allows the person to access the information they need.

The card scanner at work

Getting cash at the ATM machine

Washing dishes

These are a few of the use cases in which each construct could be used in software development. You know to put the card up to the scanner to get in, but you do not see the working of it. You insert your card, pushbuttons, and get cash. You know what to do to get cash, but you do not see how it works. You put the dishes in and press the buttons, but you do not see what the buttons do to make it work. These are examples of Abstraction.

1. Modeling

A type of abstraction. Models have entities and the relationship between the entities. There is static modeling and dynamic modeling. Static modeling is like a snapshot. Shows entities and their relationship but will not show changes. Dynamic modeling shows changes. Modeling is used to show the development, design, and end results of a project. It shows the team stakeholders and others that are working on the project what will be going on during the project from the development, the problems that may arise and how they will be overseen, and the changes during the project. Modeling is used in projects.

1. Conditionals

Expressions that are either true or false. Program flow by way either true or false. Program flow by way of if statements and while loops. Used in the Programming language.

1. Iterations

Iteration, in the context of computer programming, is a process wherein a set of instructions or structures are repeated in a sequence a specified number of times or until a condition is met. When the first set of instructions is executed again, it is called an iteration(Iteration, 2011). A website could have HTML code that tells it to repeatedly refresh the page until the user presses a button.

An algorithm can be used in a computer program that tells the program to rearrange a series of letters until all of the different combinations have been formed(Programming, n.d).

References

Iteration. (2011, August 18).Iteration. Retrieved from Techopedia: www.techopedia.com

Mleziva, M. (2020, November 10).7 Software Development Models You Should Know. Retrieved from Flexagon: flexagon.com

Team, I. E. (2021, July 8).6 Examples of Data Abstraction (With Definition and Benefits). Retrieved from Indeed: www.indeed.c

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Abstractionis the ability to preserve relevant information in a given context and forget information that is irrelevant in that context. Therefore, the details are hidden to reduce complexity and increase efficiency or quality (Beecher, 2017).

Example 1:In object-oriented programming, abstraction often works using objects in code. They are portable containers of attributes and repeatable code structures. For instance, operating a washing machine there are a bunch of buttons and knobs that are needed to operate the machine. Whether you want to wash white delicate clothes or dark jeans you will have to set a different washing program that is on the washing machine interface. There are internal components that work together once a selection is made such as drums, water valves, thermostats, and springs. Finally, the washing machine interface will abstract, and hide every detail of the real mechanism.

Example2:Print a document from your computer. Placing the document on the printer, then selecting the “print” command, and the document is ready to print. All the work is hidden in the background when it comes to the 0s and 1s you do not have to worry about how the information is transferred to the printer.

Modelingprovides a simplified view of things in your problem; therefore, a model allows you to focus only on relevant things. A model shows the entities in a solution and the relationships between them. Entities represent the core concepts of the system. Relationships are a connection that relates entities in the system (Beecher, 2017). For example, a static model provides a snapshot view of the system by predicting entities and relationships at a single point in time. In addition, a dynamic model is used to explain the changes in state as time proceeds and includes the following:

• 
  States: descriptions of the entities at specific points in time.


• 
  Transitions: is a change in state.


• 
  Events: things that happen to trigger transitions


• 
  Actions: computations that are carried out as part of a transition.

Example 1:
Underground map (static model)provides a snapshot of the current state of all the stations and lines. The state may change in the future (a station may close, or one may be added), but the layout changes very seldomly.

Example 2: Turnstile (Dynamic model)transitions through a series of states when people use it. A turnstile is in a locked state until a coin is inserted which causes the event. It triggers the transition of a locked turnstile into an unlocked one. Therefore, pushing an unlocked turnstile (another event) transitions it back to the locked state. Pushing a locked turnstile will have no effect.

Conditionalis a branching point where instructions are executed only if a certain condition is met. They evaluate expressions that are true or false and allow you to control what the program does and perform different actions. Python has one conditional construct and uses the if-statement. Complex Conditionals

Example 1:if number_of _chairs = = 0:

Standing = True

Example 2:
Passwords are “if, then” logic statements. When entering the correct password, a user will have access to the program.

Iterationis a sequence that is executed repeatedly as long as a certain condition holds.

Example 1:
while loopoccurs when a set of instructions is executed for the first time it is called an iteration. However, if the sequence of instructions is executed repeatedly, it is called a loop. Once the condition evaluates false, the loop ends, and the execution jumps to the next line following the end of the wh

4)

Explain the utility and benefits of each construct listed below. Include two use cases in which each construct could be used in software development.

Abstraction-
Data abstracting occurs when you reduce and element of the body however it still appears as a whole. In most cases you reduce an element it appears to the public as a whole however, you're only showing them what you want them to see for the most part.

1. Cell phones are most of the things we use the most in the world. For instance, we send text messages, receive emails, and make phones calls. However, we do not know or really understand all of the inner working of how it is operating on our end because we are just the user.

2. Secondly I would say TVs only because they're so many different brands for certain things (I.E gaming, watching, and gaming monitors). We as the user understand the HDMI ports, audio, and other ports on the back of the TV. However, when it comes to what's going on inside the TV we have no clue what's doing on inside of it when we use it for whatever purpose.

Modeling-Data modeling is a visual processing application that showcases a simplified diagram with the data elements contained. It shows it in text and/or symbols to represent the data and how it flows. Also, once again this process can be shown in whole or whatever the builder is wanting the user to see on their end.

1. Online shopping apps on our cell phones are an example of data modeling. When we open the app and look at certain items you can see the sizes available and also what colors they may offer in that product at the time.

2. Making a hotel reservation online is also an example of data modeling because you can pick from non smoking, smoking, bed sizes, and even the location of the room on the hotel if you get a suite or not.

Conditionals-Also known as conditional expressions this is used to help you make decisions. True or False conditions are expressions evaluated it allows you to control how the program functions as well as how it operates.

1. Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS) is where everyone in the military no matter the branch goes to determine if you are fit to serve. During this process they check your height, weight, mentally status, eyes, and previous medical history you may have. They then make a determination if you are good to proceed for entrance.

2. Using facial recognition to open your cell phone or using a finger print to open your cell phone. If you use your own face or fingerprint on your phone then you will unlock it however, if someone else picks up your phone to try it then they will not gain access.

Iterations-
Repeated or utterance by the same groups or coded (referred to as looping). During this process the same thing will happen over and over again until you stop the program.

1. Count- Control Loops this is used when a known outcome is available. You can loop numbers together to get the desired outcome over and over again.

2. Condition-control loops are set to run until certain conditions are met. Like if you use the wrong password to access your cell phone you will not be granted access.