Assessment 3 Critical Appraisal of Evidence Further instructions related to this assignment can be found in Appendix B. Due date: By 0900hrs Tue 24 May Weighting: 50% Length and/or format: 1200 words...

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Assessment 3 Critical Appraisal of Evidence


Further instructions related to this assignment can be found in Appendix B.



Due date:


By 0900hrs Tue 24 May


Weighting:


50%


Length and/or format:


1200 words – 1500 words


Purpose:


The purpose of this assignment is for you to demonstrate your ability in critical appraisal of two research publications.


Learning outcomes assessed:


LO3, LO4, LO5


How to submit:


Microsoft word formatsize 12 double spaced



Submit assessment to HLSC122 LEO Campus tile into appropriately labelled HLSC122 LEO Campus tile, Assessment task 3 Turnitin Drop Box


Return of assessment


Assessments with feedback will be returned electronically within three weeks of the due date.


(for students who submit by the assessment due date)



Assessment criteria


This assessment task will be graded against a standardised criterion referenced rubric (see Appendix E) Please follow the criteria closely during the planning and development of your assessment task. Please follow the assessment instructions precisely for correct formatting of your essay. You must use APA 7th style guide for your citations and referencing. Please upload your essay as a Word document via Turnitin in your campus tile Assignment Dropbox.






Effects of virtual reality on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw in children aged 5–12 years old: A randomised controlled study J Clin Nurs. 2020;29:1151–1161. wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jocn  |  1151© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd Received: 31 July 2019  |  Revised: 12 December 2019  |  Accepted: 20 December 2019 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.15173 O R I G I N A L A R T I C L E Effects of virtual reality on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw in children aged 5–12 years old: A randomised controlled study Gülçin Özalp Gerçeker PhD, RN, Associate Professor  | Dijle Ayar PhD, RN  | Emine Zahide Özdemir RN, MSc  | Murat Bektaş PhD, RN, Associate Professor Clinical Trial Registration: National Institutes of Health (NIH), ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04040036. Registered on 31 July 2019, https ://clini caltr ials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04 040036 Pediatric Nursing Department, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Nursing, Izmir, Turkey Correspondence Gülçin Özalp Gerçeker, Pediatric Nursing Department, Dokuz Eylul University Faculty of Nursing, Izmir 35340, Turkey. Email: [email protected] Abstract Aim and objectives: Virtual reality (VR) can be used during painful procedures in chil- dren. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two different VR methods on procedure-related pain, fear and anxiety of children aged 5–12 years old during blood draw. Methods: This randomised controlled study used parallel trial design guided by the CONSORT checklist, see Supporting Information. The sample of children (n = 136) was allocated to the VR-Rollercoaster (n = 45), VR-Ocean Rift (n = 45) and control group (n = 46) using blocked randomisation. The primary outcome was pain scores after the blood draw and fear and anxiety scores before and after the blood draw. Before the blood draw, fear and anxiety scores were assessed using self-report and reports from the parents and the researcher using the Child Fear Scale and Children's Anxiety Meter. After the blood draw, level of pain experienced was assessed using the Wong–Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale and the fear and anxiety levels experienced by the children during the blood draw were re-evaluated. Results: Pain scores were found to be lower in the VR-Rollercoaster group and the VR-Ocean Rift group. A statistical difference was found between groups according to self-, parent- and researcher-reported fear and anxiety scores after blood draw. While being in VR-Rollercoaster and VR-Ocean Rift group reduced children's fear and anxiety, being in the control group increased fear levels by 20% and anxiety levels by 34.1%. Conclusions: VR is an effective method in reducing procedure-related pain, fear and anxiety in children aged 5–12 years old during blood draw. Relevance to clinical practice: Evidence-based guidelines and protocols should be created for nonpharmacological methods such as VR for procedural pain and anxiety in children. K E Y W O R D S anxiety, blood draw, child, fear, pain, virtual reality www.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jocn mailto: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2229-616X https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5196-2355 https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4292-8849 https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3327-8204 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04040036 mailto:[email protected] http://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1111%2Fjocn.15173&domain=pdf&date_stamp=2020-01-22 1152  |     ÖZALP GERÇEKER Et AL. 1  | INTRODUC TION Virtual reality (VR) has firmly stood amongst other technological devices and can easily be adapted to clinical procedures due to its low cost. It can be easily used particularly in paediatric care units because it appeals to various age groups and can be adapted to mobile phones. VR can be used during wound care, preoperative anxiety, chemotherapy, port access, chronic pain treatment, dental and routine medical practices (Arane, Behboudi, & Goldman, 2017; Atzori et al., 2018; Gold, Kim, Kant, Joseph, & Rizzo, 2006; Gupta, Scott, & Dukewich, 2018; Hoffman, Doctor, Patterson, Carrougher, & Furness, 2000; Hoffman et al., 2001, 2006, 2014; Hua, Qiu, Yao, Zhang, & Chen, 2015; Jeffs, 2007; Jeffs et al., 2014; Jin, Choo, Gromala, Shaw, & Squire, 2016; Morris, Louw, & Grimmer-Somers, 2009; Nilsson, Finnström, Kokinsky, & Enskär, 2009; Ryu et al., 2017; Windich-Biermeier, Sjoberg, Dale, Eshelman, & Guzzetta, 2007; Won et al., 2015). VR allows the context of therapy to be perceived by the child as a safe environment where the child can behave freely and without any risk (Carmona Torres, Cangas Diaz, & Langer Herrer, 2012). Although studies indicate that VR can be used in paediatric procedures, fur- ther research on which procedures and in which age range it can be used is needed (Lange, Williams, & Fulton, 2006). VR may be a useful method for health professionals during painful procedures (Malloy & Milling, 2010). It can be a very promising analgesic technique that may be used safely and effectively for pain and discomfort during medical procedures (Wismeijer & Vingerhoets, 2005). 2  | BACKGROUND A study found that VR significantly reduced procedural pain and anxiety during blood draw in children aged 10–21 years old. VR can be safely used in blood draw units and can increase the adaptation of children to the procedure by reducing their distress (Gold & Mahrer, 2018). The use of VR alone or combined with standard care is effec- tive in reducing pain and anxiety (Arane et al., 2017). VR environ- ment could be safely used during paediatric intravenous procedures, in a study conducted by Dunn et al. (2019) children with haemophilia and parents reported a positive influence of VR distraction on pro- cedural anxiety and pain. During a painful procedure which may cause anxiety, VR has the potential to help children draw their attention away from frightening and painful procedures by keeping them active. Distraction methods such as watching TV (Bellieni et al., 2006), listening to music/car- toon soundtracks, playing video games, watching cartoons (Akgül et al., 2018; Caprilli et al., 2007; Kaheni, Rezai, Bagheri-Nesami, & Goudarzian, 2016; Sinha, Christopher, Fenn, & Reeves, 2006), ka- leidoscope (Canbulat, İnal, & Sönmezer, 2014) and using hand-held electronic medical devices (Ditto™) (Brown, Kimble, Rodger, Ware, & Cuttle, 2014) can be easily applied during painful procedures. Children may wear VR headsets, as well as watch videos and play games, during the procedure so as to distract themselves, and therefore experience less pain and anxiety. Gold et al. (2006) re- ported that diverting the attention of children aged between 8 and 12 to something else using VR headsets during the intravenous placement was effective in reducing the pain. Another study exam- ining the effect of VR in children aged 4–6 years old during their dental treatment showed that VR decreased their pain perception and state anxiety levels (Aminabadi, Erfanparast, Sohrabi, Ghertasi Oskouei, & Naghili, 2012). Even though some studies reported that VR is applied to small age groups, there are limited studies assessing its effect on fear. Fear is a situation associated generally with age and pain (Hedén, von Essen, & Ljungman, 2016) and is rarely addressed in painful pro- cedures for children (Aydin & Sahiner, 2017; Aydin, Sahiner, & Ciftci, 2016). In a pilot study, Chad, Emaan, and Jillian (2018) applied VR as a fear reduction and pain distraction during immunisations; VR was well received and reduced overall fear and pain at children and par- ents. Emotional feelings of children such as anxiety and fear can be reduced by interesting, relaxing environment changes. Different VR applications can be used at this point. The response of each child to VR may also change. Some children like moving, interesting videos, while some kids like relaxing, musical videos. VR method may impact fear, anxiety and pain in children at painful procedures as well as lim- itations of prior studies in this area, and this study addresses these gaps in the evidence base. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of two different VR methods on procedure-related pain, fear and anxiety levels of children aged 5–12 years old during blood draw. The hypotheses of this study were to: H1: Children in the two different VR groups will have significantly less procedure-related pain than those in the control group. H2: Fear and anxiety scores of the children in the two different VR groups will be reduced than those in the control group. 3  | METHODS 3.1 | Study design and sample This prospective, randomised controlled study was conducted at a university hospital special blood draw unit in Izmir, Turkey, between September 2017 and November 2017. A parallel trial design was What does this paper contribute to the wider global clinical community? • Distraction methods with the highest level of evidence are used to reduce children's procedure-related pain. • This is the first study which used different virtual reality methods on pain, fear and anxiety during blood draw. • Virtual reality significantly reduced pain, fear and anxi- ety of children aged 5–12 years old during blood draw.      |  1153ÖZALP GERÇEKER Et AL. used describing two different VR groups (VR-Rollercoaster group and VR-Ocean Rift group) and a control group (no VR device used) as the third arm. This study was guided by the CONSORT check- list (Schulz, Altman, Moher, & the CONSORT Group, 2010), see Supporting Information. Children aged 5- to 12-year-olds who un- derwent blood draw were eligible to participate (n = 136). This age group was selected because they were open to co-operation and more curious about technology. It was determined that 18 children in pain dimension and 19 children in fear dimension should be sampled in each group ac- cording to the one-way analysis of variance for the comparison of mean self-reported pain and fear scores (Canbulat et al., 2014), based on a power of 0.95 and an acceptable Type I error size of 0.05 in three groups in the Gpower 3.1.0 statistical program. It is planned that each group will consist of 45 children, considering that the parametric test assumptions can be fulfilled and lost in the study. 3.2 | Randomisation One hundred and thirty-six children enrolled the study. They were allocated by the blocked randomisation (gender and age). The alloca- tion concealment was guaranteed by a computer-generated number table. One hundred and seventy-three children were assessed for eligibility; 32 children were excluded; refused to participate (n = 18); had chronic or genetic
Answered 1 days AfterMay 16, 2022

Answer To: Assessment 3 Critical Appraisal of Evidence Further instructions related to this assignment can be...

Robert answered on May 18 2022
84 Votes
Overview on the symptom management among ill patients
Problem Research Question
The critically ill patients e
xperience increased symptoms of the pain and anxiety, this leads to the further deterioration of the health of the patient. Some of the symptoms are dry mouth, thirst, anxiety, sleep disturbances, distress etc. These can be minimized by the some of the interventions like Vitamin C sprays, peppermint mouth wash, virtual reality etc. Many researchers are involved in employing different interventions to minimize the symptoms that will bring about the positive health outcomes (Zhang et.al., 2022). Virtual reality (VR) is the one of the advanced technologies which is being used in the hospitals to minimize the pain in the children in the surgical process (Özalp Gerçeker et.al., 2020). The objective of the present studies is to minimize the pain by using different interventions. The research question of this study is to understand do the pain management interventions will relieve the critically ill patients.
Critical appraisal
1. Özalp Gerçeker, G., Ayar, D., Özdemir, E. Z., & Bektaş, M....
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