Assessment type : Poster presentation Weight : 10% Length : 1-3 pages. Instructions In this assessment, students will provide an overview diagram of the major parts of their research proposal from...

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Assessment type: Poster presentation



Weight: 10%



Length: 1-3 pages.





Instructions


In this assessment, students will provide an
overview diagram
of the major parts of their research proposal from
IRP-A. The
overview diagram
can be comprised of simple boxes that link the main components of the proposed research project, with some detail – in dot points – provided in each box. The
overview diagram
needs to be comprised of
six
boxes:




1. Title of project


2. Purpose of the project (
2 marks
);


3. Problem background (e.g., why is it important; why are they interested in it) (
2marks
);


4. Institutional overview (e.g., key literature) (
2 marks
);


5. Data sources (e.g., primary/secondary; fitness of data sources) (
2 marks
); and


6. Project implications (e.g., how the findings are relevant) (
2 marks
).





Advice


It is recommended that you generate this simple
overview diagram
using
Word. Please ensure that your
overview diagram
is clear, concise, and well-presented (as style and substance go hand in hand).




What are the causes and effects of climate change? Written Review Project objective With the advancement and civilization, humans started utilizing natural resources in abundance. Deforestation results in around 13% global carbon emissions. As a result of the industrial revolution, nearly 48% of atmospheric carbon increased, acting as a vital force for climate change. Methane is one of the active greenhouse gas released during human activities, rice cultivation, ruminant digestion, and decomposition in landfills. The excessive use of fertilizers contributes to a significant rise of nitrous oxide in the environment. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) majorly contribute to damage ozone layer, thus a major cause of climate change. Incomplete burning of fossil fuels results in the release of unburnt carbon and particulate matter. The overuse of greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide emission, production and release of methane and emission of nitrous oxide from the particulate released by automobiles are the contributory factors of climate change. Such pollutants increase the content of particulate matter or aerosols in the atmosphere. Climate changes led to the melting of ice in the Polar Regions and increased the average precipitation rate. The burning of fossil fuels and depletion of natural resources has resulted in limitations of freshwater supplies, a drop in agriculture yield, and a rise in water level. The manipulation of natural carbon sink from lands and oceans enhances the uptake of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Wetlands act as natural sponges by trapping and slowly releasing surface water, groundwater, and floodwater.  The rise in the emission of global house gases significantly contributed to global warming. Warmer conditions promote evaporation and thus precipitation, thus affecting monsoon throughout the globe. Such gases trap the heat, thus melting the glaciers and ice sheets. It increases the sea level, thus leading to climate extremes. Such changes might promote the growth of the weeds and pests capable of growing in harsh conditions. Although the increased content of carbon dioxide increases plant growth, simultaneously it decreases the protein and mineral concentration in the crop. The infection of the pests can lead to food insecurity. As a result of climate changes, the sea level rose from 1.7 mm/yr to 3.2 mm/yr. Along with this, sea ice in the Arctic has shrunk around 40% since 1979. Heavy precipitation and deforestation increase the risks of floods. In the regions with lower precipitation, like the western US, drought became prevalent. The rise in temperature, heat stress, water stress, and diseases affect the quality of food significantly. Global warming raises the incidents of forest fires thus a risk for the wildlife and vegetation. Oceans absorb one-third of carbon emissions released after the burning of fossil fuels. This significantly lowers the pH of water, thus making it acidic. Acidic conditions are not suitable for the survival of aquatic organisms, thus increasing the mortality rate. As a result of thermal expansion, sea levels started rising, increasing the risks of soil erosions, and storms. Hurricanes and floods destroy coral reefs while the rising temperature can cause coral bleaching. This not only disturbs the ecosystem by affecting the functioning but the number of species. Since every component in the biosphere is connected, it significantly affects the survival of all species.  Institutional context Previous research As a result of human activities, climatic changes are prevalent all around the globe. Glaciers have started melting and shrinking; ice on the rivers and lakes is breaking up earlier leading to a shift in plant and animal ranges. It has disturbed the normal phenomenon like the early blooming of flowers. As a cumulative effect, these changes will result in significant climatic changes including loss of sea ice, accelerated rise of sea level, and intense and longer heat waves. (NASA 2021). According to IPCC, human-induced global warming will result in non-uniform climatic changes around the world. The estimated rise in the temperature around the world is 2.5 to 10 degrees Fahrenheit over the next century. With the increase in heat-trapping gas emission, frost-free season enhances in the western U.S. (nearly 8 weeks). According to the reports of NASA, the global sea level has increased up to 8 inches since 1880. As per the Third Assessment Report of IPCC, Adaptation has the potential to minimize the adverse effects of climate change but cannot prevent all the damages (pg. 12). On undertaking, appropriate actions at early stages can bring out climate changes. Planners have still not incorporated strategies against climate changes because such planning needs more time-scale, it doesn’t seem urgent, and climate predictions are uncertain. (M Cassar, R Pender, 2003). According to IPCC, the ratio of soil carbon stock to vegetative carbon stock is less than 1 in tropical forests. Deforestation has largely affected Carbon budget constraints (considering various sources of carbon and carbon sink). Forests and soil absorb around 3.2 PgC/y (petagrams of carbon per year), but nearly approximately 1.7 PgC/y is being lost due to deforestation, with net uptake of only around 1.5 PgC/y. Tropical forests deforestation is one of the biggest causes of the rise in the emission of greenhouse gases in the world. The dynamic integrated climate-economy (DICE) model instigates an equilibrium model of climate change and economic change. Such tools help to control global warming by mitigating suitable policies. The regulations of measures to control the emission of greenhouse gases and climate-stabilization approaches cost a good sum of money (Nordhaus, W.D., 1992) (EPA-United States Environmental Protection Agency) Climate highly influences the vegetation in wetlands. All the wetlands vary according to topology and geology. They are an even more productive ecosystem than coral reefs and forests. Dead and decaying matter forms detritus in the soil, thus replenishing all the nutrients. Bottomland wetland with hardwood along Mississippi river once stored floodwater for 60 days. Now they are incapable of doing so because either the wetlands are filled or drained. According to Zhu, K., Zhang, J., Niu, S., Chu, C., and Luo, Y., 2018, Changes in the atmospheric composition of gases like carbon dioxide and nitrogen affect forest growth by regulating forest dynamics and biomass. Changes in agricultural practices affect carbon sequestration potential. It leads to forest migration, termed migration lag for plants. It can achieve by converting woody encroachment into dense grasslands. Two important parameters that affect the forest trajectory are saturated aboveground biomass and the age of the forests to reach half-saturation. If the forests reach a saturation level, they are incapable of promoting natural carbon sink. The rise in the temperature increases the biomass by promoting photosynthesis and decomposition but decreases the half-saturation stage age. High precipitation promotes above-saturated biomass along with half-saturation age. When the usage of forest land changes, it eventually affects the recovery of the forests. The disturbances in the forest like the abandonment of agriculture, fire suppression in a reduction in harvesting directly affect the carbon sink. The forest growth trajectory is influenced by climate change, greenhouse gas emission, and nitrogen emission. With the recovery of the forests, the carbon sink reaches saturation and reaches successional levels. With only modified growth of the forest and no aging, the carbon sink keeps on increasing and sequestering carbon potential. With the growing food demand, the world cannot completely avoid the emission of methane and ammonia during agricultural practices but the amount can be reduced. Fossil fuels and anthropogenic air pollutants gradually lead to climatic changes and indirectly influence mortality. Aerosols and dust increase the solar radiation scattering, thus their hygroscopicity enhances precipitation. The release of aerosols in the environment influences evaporation, surface temperature, and precipitation. The radioactive forcing from the greenhouse gases significantly weakened monsoons. Such pollutants cause solar dimming, thus weakening the surface winds, leading to a decrease in evaporation (Lelieveld, J., Klingmüller, K., Pozzer, A., Burnett, R.T., Haines, A. and Ramanathan, V., 2019). Contribution to the literature It is requisite to know the mutualistic behaviour between different components of the ecosystem to maintain a balance. The livestock must be bred sustainably to allow their better survival under unfavourable conditions, rather than focusing on more productivity for a while. Switching to ruminant livestock to decrease the vulnerability of the land degradation, and to provide food security to the under-developed regions. Afforestation and reforestation enhance the endurance of nature towards climate change and ensure sustainable development by increasing land productivity and resilience. This helps to maintain the biodiversity in the ecosystem. As per Kyoto Protocol Article 12.8, the government provides funds under Clean Development Mechanism to mitigate adaptation activities. REDD+ offers financial assistance to developing countries to mitigate climate changes by managing forests. Allowing the local communities to own the forests, and improving carbon storage, can primarily contribute to climate change mitigation. This also helps in soil preservation thus preventing soil erosion, water regulation, thus recycling underground water resources. Eventually, this makes the land less vulnerable to climate change. Switching to renewable sources of energy like hydropower, solar energy, and wind energy can protect the non-renewable resources (fossils). Such sources of energy replenish on their own with time resulting in negligible climate change. Thus, by switching to renewable sources of energy, people can increase the land carbon sink due to a decrease in the emission of greenhouse gases after burning fossil fuels. Terrestrial plants and soil can absorb nearly 40% of carbon emissions. Changing the agricultural practices can thus contribute to around 25% reduction in Carbon dioxide. Kyoto Protocol (1997) proposed mitigation measures to enhance carbon sink and reduce consumption of fossil fuels. Terrestrial sinks are better than oceanic sinks to avoid sovereignty issues. The forests fix atmospheric carbon to organic matter, thus contributing to the carbon sink. Increasing fuel efficiency can support building up carbon sinks. Such measures limit the greenhouse gas emission in the atmosphere by reconstructing the energy generation and expenditure. Biofuel crops like willow or perennial grasses can be used as alternative energy sources. These crops can substitute fossil fuels, thus decreasing the emission of fossil fuels. Hence, changing the agricultural practices not only saves energy but provides other energy sources. Carbon mitigation projects or carbon offsets aim to reduce deforestation in the tropical forests thus contributing to less emission of greenhouse gases in the environment. Such projects aim to conserve biodiversity and resources. It results in climate stability as well as watershed protection. Wetlands act as flood buffers by holding excess water inside them, thus preventing waterlogging. This water retention helps to prevent floods and thus outbursts of climatic changes. It is necessary to maintain the amount of carbon density (carbon store per unit area) on land and reduce leakage i.e. the activities that increase carbon density at one place while decreasing it in other regions. There are
Answered 1 days AfterMay 07, 2022

Answer To: Assessment type : Poster presentation Weight : 10% Length : 1-3 pages. Instructions In this...

Ayan answered on May 09 2022
86 Votes
climate Poster presentation
CLIMATE CHANGE
The accumulation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse ga
ses in our atmosphere causes global warming. The gases trap
heat by forming a blanket over the Earth, similar to how a greenhouse's glass traps heat. These gases last for many years in
the environment. The planet's temperature rises as they accumulate. The general goal of the project is to examine the
consequences of climate change and to debate how to mitigate these effects.
Purpose of project
Problem Background
The problem of climate change is simple to identify because the intervention of human through their
activities has resulted in climate change. Cutting down of forests and increasing brick and mortar
construction has led to soil erosions and disturbed the ecological balance. Burning of fossil fuels has
resulted in increased greenhouse gases in atmosphere. Livestock and fertilizers release gases such as
methane and nitrous oxides, which is again responsible for increasing quantity of carbon dioxide in...
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