Assignment instructions: 1.You must summarize the key points of the article -“Addressing the mental health impact of COVID-19 through population health” in your write-up. In the last paragraph of...

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Assignment instructions:



1.You must summarize the key points of the article -“Addressing the mental health impact of COVID-19 through population health” in your write-up.



In the last paragraph of your write-up, offer an opinion regarding the best public health-driven ways to deal with contemporary mental health issues in the United States [based on the article provided and other relevant scholarly articles & research (e.g. empirical studies and systematic reviews)] to support your opinions.



Requirements:


APA referencing


Single spaced




Clinical Psychology Review 85 (2021) 102006 Available online 5 March 2021 0272-7358/Published by Elsevier Ltd. Review Addressing the mental health impact of COVID-19 through population health Matt Boden a,*, Lindsey Zimmerman b,c,d, Kathryn J. Azevedo b, Josef I. Ruzek e,f, Sasha Gala g, Hoda S. Abdel Magid h, Nichole Cohen i, Robyn Walser b,j, Naina D. Mahtani a,k, Katherine J. Hoggatt l,m, Carmen P. McLean b,c a Center for Innovation to Implementation, VA Palo Alto Healthcare System, United States of America b National Center for PTSD, Dissemination and Training Division, VA Palo Alto Care Healthcare System, United States of America c Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States of America d Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States of America e Center for m2 Health, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America f Department of Psychology, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, United States of America g Mission Rock Enterprise, LLC, United States of America h Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Stanford University, United States of America i Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, United States of America j University of California, Berkeley, United States of America k School of Behavioral Health, Loma Linda University, United States of America l San Francisco VA Health Care System, United States of America m Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States of America A R T I C L E I N F O Keywords: COVID-19 Mental health Risk factor Intervention Evidence-based psychotherapy Population mental health A B S T R A C T The COVID-19 pandemic has and will continue to result in negative mental health outcomes such as depression, anxiety and traumatic stress in people and populations throughout the world. A population mental health perspective informed by clinical psychology, psychiatry and dissemination and implementation science is ideally suited to address the broad, multi-faceted and long-lasting mental health impact of the pandemic. Informed by a systematic review of the burgeoning empirical research on the COVID-19 pandemic and research on prior coronavirus pandemics, we link pandemic risk factors, negative mental health outcomes and appropriate intervention strategies. We describe how social risk factors and pandemic stressors will contribute to negative mental health outcomes, especially among vulnerable populations. We evaluate the scalability of primary, sec- ondary and tertiary interventions according to mental health target, population, modality, intensity and provider type to provide a unified strategy for meeting population mental health needs. Traditional models, in which evidence-based therapies delivered are delivered in-person, by a trained expert, at a specialty care location have proved difficult to scale. The use of non-traditional models, tailoring preventive interventions to populations based on their needs, and ongoing coordinated evaluation of intervention implementation and effectiveness will be critical to refining our efforts to increase reach. The COVID-19 pandemic will result in a colossal negative mental health impact due to the many people affected by the pandemic, its disruption of most, if not all, aspects of everyday life, and its multiple waves and protracted nature. Indeed, the COVID-19 pandemic has already been linked to negative mental health outcomes such as depression, anxiety, and traumatic stress in populations across the world (Alzueta et al., 2020; de Pablo et al., 2020; Salari et al., 2020; Taquet, Luciano, Geddes, & Harrison, 2020; Xiong et al., 2020). More people will experience these outcomes as the pandemic and its negative conse- quences, such as economic hardship, continue. These outcomes will be long-lasting and quite substantial among some people and populations, as evidenced by research on the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and middle east respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus pandemics (Lam et al., 2009; Mak, Chu, Pan, Yiu, & Chan, 2009). A * Corresponding author at: 795 Willow Road (152-MPD), Menlo Park, CA 94025, United States of America. E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Boden). Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Clinical Psychology Review journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/clinpsychrev https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2021.102006 Received 16 July 2020; Received in revised form 26 February 2021; Accepted 2 March 2021 Clinical Psychology Review 85 (2021) 102006 2 population mental health perspective informed by clinical psychology, psychiatry and dissemination and implementation science is ideally suited to address the negative mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic (United Nations, 2020). Population mental health considers how multiple determinants of health contribute to dissimilar outcomes across populations of people (Kindig & Stoddardt, 2003). Included among these determinants are factors that increase risk of negative mental health outcomes that should be proactively identified and targeted for intervention. Within this framework, appropriate intervention is defined by the scale of popula- tion needs. Primary prevention addresses ‘universal’ determinants of mental health across populations, ‘selective’ populations with elevated pandemic-related risk (e.g., healthcare workers), and ‘indicated’ pop- ulations with early signs of pandemic-related distress. Secondary pre- vention includes screening, early identification and brief interventions that prevent the progression of distress and slow the incidence of dis- order among populations. Tertiary prevention includes relatively inten- sive evidence-based interventions shown to improve functioning and reduce the consequences of mental disorders on quality of life. We use a population mental health framework to link risks, outcomes and interventions to population needs (see Fig. 1). We outline targets of prevention efforts – social determinants of health and social risk factors and pandemic-related stressors (hereafter labeled ‘risks’) and negative mental health outcomes (hereafter labeled ‘outcomes’) – identified via a systematic review of the burgeoning empirical research on the mental health impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. To provide comprehensive coverage of the topic, including evidence of links between coronavirus pandemics and long-term negative mental health outcomes, we also review empirical research on SARS and MERS coronavirus pandemics (see Boden, 2020 for details). We then describe a framework that matches prevention targets to appropriate primary, secondary and ter- tiary interventions based on their evidence of effectiveness and the feasibility of implementation at the scale of population needs. 1. Prevention targets A growing literature on social determinants of health identifies the complex systems that powerfully shape prevalence patterns for various outcomes and drive avoidable differences in health across populations (Braveman & Gottlieb, 2014). The COVID-19, SARS and MERS, and social determinants of health scientific literatures together provide ev- idence that multiple social risk factors are likely to heighten the impact of pandemic stressors among people and populations with selective and indicated primary prevention risks, thus increasing risk of a variety of negative mental health outcomes (see Fig. 1). Included among these social risk factors are (a) institutional racism and discrimination that targets Black, Indigenous People of Color (BIPOC; Novacek, Hampton- Anderson, Ebor, Loeb, & Wyatt, 2020; Raifman & Raifman, 2020; van Dorn, Cooney, & Sabin, 2020; Yancy, 2020), (b) socioeconomic systems that lead to poverty (Bu, Steptoe, & Fancourt, 2020; Hawkins, Charles, & Mehaffey, 2020), (c) socio-political policies that target undocumented immigrants (van Dorn et al., 2020), (d) developmental factors that impact old and young persons (Cheung, Chau, & Yip, 2008; Xie et al., 2020), (e) sexism and misogyny that targets women (Wenham, Smith, & Morgan, 2020) and heteronormative ideology that targets LGTBQ identities (Salerno, Williams, & Gattamorta, 2020), (f) characteristics of urban and rural living areas that disproportionately impact BIPOC and people with limited economic means (Omary, 2020; Stack et al., 2020), and (g) physical and mental health vulnerabilities that disproportion- ately impact BIPOC, people with limited economic means, and older adults (Hao et al., 2020; Taquet et al., 2020). Empirical research on COVID-19, SARS and MERS has identified key pandemic stressors that will increase risk of a negative mental health outcome broadly, and especially among targeted communities exposed to the social risk factors we discuss. Key pandemic stressors include: (a) exposure (to the virus, media exposure, exposure to death; Garfin, Sil- ver, & Holman, 2020; Taylor et al., 2020), (b) viral infection (Rogers et al., 2020), (c) movement restriction (Brooks et al., 2020), (d) eco- nomic hardship (Witteveen & Velthorst, 2020), (e) stigma, prejudice and discrimination (Bagcchi, 2020; Misra, Le, Goldmann, & Yang, 2020), (f) intimate partner violence (Boserup, McKenney, & Elkbuli, 2020; Gosangi et al., 2020) and child abuse and neglect (Bryant, Oo, & Dam- ian, 2020), and (g) occupations that increase risk of exposure/infection, stress and other challenges to health and well-being (Baker, 2020; de Pablo et al., 2020). We posit that social determinants and risk factors combine with pandemic stressors in additive and interactive ways to contribute to negative mental health outcomes, including (a) distress (Twenge & Fig. 1. Targets of population health interventions: social determinants of health and social risk factors as they interact with pandemic stressors to increase risk of negative mental health outcomes. Social determinants of mental health and social risk factors (socio-demographic characteristics & clinical vulnerabilities) and pandemic stressors may increase risk of adverse mental health outcomes in isolation or together in synergistic ways. Pandemic stressors directly increase risk of mental health outcomes. Social determinants of mental health and social risk factors increase risk by increasing the likelihood or impact of pandemic stressors. As represented by grey the arrow, mental health outcomes may persist indefinitely. M. Boden et al.
Answered Same DayApr 01, 2021

Answer To: Assignment instructions: 1.You must summarize the key points of the article -“Addressing the mental...

Abhinaba answered on Apr 02 2021
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Summary of Article        2
SUMMARY OF ARTICLE
Summary of Article
    The article titled “Addressing the mental hea
lth impact of COVID-19 through population health” highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of people leading to critical situations such as anxiety, traumatic stress or depression. The article further highlights the notion that the COVID-19 pandemic has caused a disruption in the every day lives of the people and therefore, has been causing a negative impact on the mental health of people (Boden et al., 2021). There is no doubt about the fact that a greater number of people are going to face the negative impact of the pandemic on their mental health as the economic hardships continue to grow as a result of the pandemic.
    The article further discusses about the social determinants of mental health and social risk factors, which is then related with pandemic stressors in a very clear and comprehensive tone. Furthermore, the relationship between the pandemic stressors is then related to negative mental health outcomes in a logical manner. The article also takes...
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