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BIOL*1090 Scientific Literature Writing Assignment #2 Instructions BIOL*1090 Scientific Literature Writing Assignment #2 Instructions Assignment Topic: The use of personalized medicine to treat/navigate cancer Submission Deadline: Friday Dec 3rd by 11:59pm Description In this assignment, you will apply concepts learned in the Information Management and Written Communication Workshops to write a ~2 page review of a scientific topic. It is a descriptive paper, meaning you are being asked to describe a process and/or phenomenon. In order to do this effectively you need to find and understand appropriate journal articles, select the relevant information and put it together in your own words clearly and concisely. It is also just as important that you cite your sources both in the form of in-text citations and a reference list (referencing format found in the Information Management Workshop). Scientific Literature To get you started, you will use the following review paper (secondary literature) as your first scientific source: Howard Y. Chang. Personal Regulome Navigation of Cancer. Nature. 2021 Note: *(found in courselink> content> SLWA folder) You must use a minimum of TWO articles to write your assignment. The first has been provided for you but you will need to find your next article on your own (using skills learned in the Info Management Workshop) The second article MUST be a primary research article. This article should be a study in which “The use of personalized medicine to treat/navigate cancer “was applied in a biological context. It is up to you to decide the what to specifically focus your paper on! Note: This is a Scientific Literature assignment and therefore ONLY peer reviewed primary and secondary JOURNAL ARTICLES may be used as references. Format Your assignment must include the following components in the order listed: · The supplied cover page containing all the requested information. (does not count toward page limit) · The content portion of your assignment must be formatted as follows: 1½-2 pages in length, double-spaced. (Do not include figures or diagrams.) Font: 12 point Times New Roman, black ink Indentation: 10 spaces Margins: 1 inch margins on all sides (top, bottom, left side, right side) Alignment: Left justify · A separate page containing your list of references. At least 2 references must be used. Please use the information management workshop to learn how to cite references using the accepted format. Your target audience is first year molecular and cellular biology students. Your content should be focused on the molecular and cellular level – BIOL 1090 content. NOTE: Plagiarism is a form of academic misconduct and will be dealt with very seriously. Cases of suspected plagiarism will be reported to the chair of the department for further investigation. To ensure this does not happen to you, take the time to read the “Avoiding Plagiarism” section of the Written Communication workshop on CourseLink. This is not a group effort. You must work on the assignment independently. If your assignment closely resembles the efforts of another student, both assignments will be investigated and appropriate action will be taken. There are NO extensions. Plan ahead. A late penalty of 4 marks out of a possible 16 marks (25%) will be deducted, beginning at 1 minute past the deadline, for each 24 hour period you are late. If you have grounds for academic consideration, the weight of the assignment will be transferred to your final exam. To avoid last minute emergencies, submit early. BIOL*1090 Scientific Literature Writing Assignment #2 Cover Page Student Name: Last 3 Digits of Student ID#: Submission Date: Assignment Title: THIS MUST BE YOUR OWN TITLE REPRESENTING THE CONTENT OF YOUR PAPER *NOTE – Cover Page does NOT contribute to page length BIOL*1090 Scientific Literature Writing Assignment #2 Rubric TA Marks Level 3 (2 marks) Level 2 (1 mark) Level 1 (0 marks) Content Accuracy The content is accurate and a high degree of understanding of the topic and BIOL 1090 material is demonstrated. 2 or fewer errors in content. An adequate degree of understanding of BIOL*1090 material demonstrated. Many errors in content. A weak understanding of BIOL*1090 material demonstrated. Flow of Information Logical flow of information with relevant introduction and conclusion. Coherent, very readable, unified paper. Sentences are information rich. Paper has some problems with the flow of information, some repetition and some weak and confusing sentences. Paper lacks a logical flow of information, has no introduction or conclusion and contains much repetition. Poor sentence structure. Appropriate Level Assignment written at the level of the target audience (1st year biology student). Focus is on molecular and cellular biology. Some parts of assignment written below target audience (1st year biology student). Molecular and cellular perspective is adequately represented. Assignment written below target audience (1st year biology student). Molecular and cellular perspective is poorly represented. Spelling/Grammar Free of spelling and grammar errors. Excellent sentence structure. 2 or fewer spelling and grammar errors. Flow of sentence structure is good. Numerous spelling and grammar errors affect the readability of paper. Format All formatting guidelines are followed. 2 or fewer errors made following formatting guidelines. Formatting guidelines not followed. In-Text Citations Citations are error-free and placed appropriately. (refer to workshops) 2 or fewer errors in the citations. Too few citations throughout paper 3 or more errors in the citations. Little to no citations in paper. References Reference list is error-free and includes at least 1 primary and 1 secondary journal article sources. 1st pages of reference pdfs attached. 2 or fewer errors in the reference list and/or 1st pages of reference pdfs missing. 3 or more errors in the reference list and 1st pages of reference pdfs missing or references missing. Appropriate Length Assignment is 1½-2 pages in length. Assignment is between 1 and 1 ½ pages or between 2 and 2½ pages in length. Assignment is less than 1 page or greater than 2½ pages in length. Total Marks (out of a maximum of 16) Assignment is worth 13% of final grade. TA Grader initials: Personalised cancer medicine Personalised cancer medicine Sarah E. Jackson and John D. Chester Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom The evolving field of personalised medicine is playing an increasingly important role in cancer prevention, diagnosis, progno- sis and therapeutics. Its importance in clinical management is demonstrated by the recent introduction into routine clinical practice of various individualised, molecularly targeted therapies with increased efficacy and/or reduced toxicity. The identifi- cation of cancer predisposition genes, such as the BRCA genes in breast cancer, permits screening programmes to identify patients “at-risk” of developing cancer and helps them make decisions on individual risk-modification behaviours. Personal- ised medicine also plays an increasingly important role in cancer treatment. It is increasingly clear that there are molecularly distinct subtypes of various common cancers, with different therapeutic approaches required for each subtype, for example, the use of the monoclonal antibodies (trastuzumab and cetuximab) in HER2-positive breast cancer and wild-type KRAS colo- rectal cancer; tyrosine kinase inhibitors (imatinib, gefitinib, erlotinib and crizotinib) in chronic myeloid leukaemia, gastrointes- tinal stromal tumours and non-small-cell lung cancer and intracellular agents (vemurafenib and olaparib) in metastatic malignant melanoma and ovarian, breast and prostate cancer. The efficacy of various targeted therapies in such disparate tumours suggests that we are entering an era in which treatment decisions will be based on tumour molecular abnormality profile or “signature,” rather than tumour tissue type or anatomical site of origin, improving patient prognosis and quality of life. This mini review focuses on the role of personalised medicine in cancer prevention and treatment as well as its future direction in oncology. Personalised medicine is an emerging approach to patient care in which an individual’s characteristics, including their genetic profile, guide clinical decisions, aiming for the right treatment for the right patient at the right time. It is an evolving field in medicine with many resources dedicated to searching for diagnostic, prognostic and predictive bio- markers. Individualised medicine has diverse applications and is already used routinely in many specialities, such as meas- uring thiopurine methyltransferase before treatment with aza- thioprine in inflammatory bowel disease.1 Personalised medicine is particularly important in oncol- ogy, where there is an increased emphasis on prevention and where significant short-term toxicities and long-term func- tional implications are associated with surgical and chemora- diotherapy management strategies. Appropriate selection of patients for treatment, to maximise efficacy and minimise toxicity, has long been a fundamental part of routine clinical practice, but until recently clinicians have had limited tools with which to determine which patients will benefit and which may suffer avoidable toxicities. Exciting developments within personalised cancer medicine, including recognition of prognostic and predictive biomarkers that confer the ability to target treatments to those patients most likely to benefit, are improving survival outcomes, and are fast becoming an important part of routine clinical practice. In this review, we will focus on the application of personalised medicine in can- cer, particularly in the prevention and treatment of cancer, and at how personalised medicine will influence clinical prac- tice in the future. Personalised Medicine in Cancer Prevention A cell with normal DNA develops into a cancerous cell through the accumulation of genetic changes. Some of these alterations are sporadically acquired and others are inherited in the form of cancer predisposition genes. The identification of cancer predisposition genes has led to the development of screening programmes to identify patients “at-risk” of devel- oping cancer and helps them make decisions on individual risk-modification behaviours. However, an essential part of any screening programme is to have an appropriate accepted therapeutic intervention that can alter the natural history of the disease.2 Breast cancer Breast cancer is hormonally driven and chemoprevention is an attractive, albeit nonselective, management strategy. The selective oestrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen has been Key words: stratified medicine, synthetic lethality, cancer predisposi- tion genes, monoclonal antibody, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, PARP inhibitor DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28940 History: Received 17 Feb 2014; Accepted 24 Apr 2014; Online 2 May 2014 Correspondence to: Sarah E. Jackson, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom, E-mail:
[email protected] or John D. Chester, Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom, E-mail:
[email protected] M in i R ev ie w Int. J. Cancer: 137, 262–266 (2015) VC 2014 UICC International Journal of Cancer IJC shown in a number of phase III randomised controlled trials to reduce the incidence of breast cancer by 16–49% in high- risk females. However, it is unknown if this translates into a longevity benefit, and the significant side effects