BIOL2410 Assignment 1 (25 marks total)General Instructions:For this (and all) assignments please keep answers concise. Point form answers are acceptable, asis creating tables/diagrams to answer questions more concisely. Marks will be deducted foroverly lengthy answers.If you are asked to diagram a process or graph data, the figure should be produced by you (eitherby hand or digitally and inserted in your document). Copying and pasting of images from the textor other sources will result in a grade of 0 for the related question.References:Each question can be answered using your text, lecture notes and your knowledge andunderstanding of the course material. As such, referencing your answers is not required unlessyou are taking information from sources other than your textbook/lecture notes/brain. Ifincluding references, they should be specifically formatted as per the Journal of Physiology. A fulllist of instructions can be found here: JoP References Instructions. An example is given blow:In Reference list (note the formatting of the reference):Simpson LL, Busch SA, Oliver SJ, Ainslie PN, Stembridge M, Steinback CD and Moore JP (2019).Baroreflex control of sympathetic vasomotor activity and resting arterial pressure at highaltitude: insight from Lowlanders and Sherpa. J Physiol 597, 2379–2390.The in-text citation would appear as (Simpson et al. 2019). If Simpson were the only author, thein- text citation would appear as (Simpson, 2019).If using a website, you should be able to clearly identify an author for the information provided. Ifno such author can be found, you should question the validity of the information presented. Assuch, you should be conscious of the quality of the references you choose.Honesty Declaration:Be certain to attach a completed Honesty Declaration form as the final page of your assignment.Assignments submitted without this form will not be graded. This form can be found in theAssignments module on UM-Learn.1. You have discovered a new cell whose membrane is permeable to glucose and urea, butnot to Na+, K+, and Cl-. The concentration of each solute in the cell is listed in the tablebelow. During an experiment, the cell is placed in a 400 mOsM solution consisting ofequal parts Na+ and glucose.[Na+] mOsM [K+] mOSM [urea] mOSM [glucose]mOSM[Cl-]mOSMCell 20 150 120 15 10Based on this information, answer the following questions:a. What is the osmolarity of the cell in mOsM? (1 mark)b. In one word, describe the osmolarity of the solution compared to the cell. (1 mark)c. In one word, describe the tonicity of the solution compared to the cell. (1 mark)d. Will osmosis occur in this scenario? If so, Indicate the direction of osmosis anddescribe the changes that will occur to cell volume (if any). (1 mark)e. Is the following statement true or false: A hyperosmotic solution that contains onlypenetrating solutes will always be hypertonic.(1 mark)2. Compare and contrast the two control systems in terms of their specificity, how fast theyact, the duration of their effects, and how they are able to communicate the intensity of astimulus. (4 marks).3. While conducting neurological research at the Montreal Neurological Institute-Hospital,you discover a new type of neuronal cell and are in the process of characterizing itsfunction. As part of your work, you have collected the following data on the intracellularand extracellular ion concentrations and permeabilities for resting cells:Ion Pion [ion]in (mM) [ion]out (mM)Na+ 5.00 10.00 145.00K+ 100.00 165.00 5.00Cl- 10.00 15.00 108.00a. What is the equilibrium potential for Na+ for this cell? Show your calculations. (2marks)b. Write out the GHK equation (1 marks).c. Based on the data collected, what is the resting membrane potential of this cell?Show your calculations. (2 marks)d. During an action potential on this cell, opening of voltage gated Na+ channelsincreases the permeability of the cell to Na+ from 5.00 to a maximum of 600.00.What will the membrane potential (Vm) be when all of the voltage gated Na+channels are open? (2 marks)e. Does the membrane potential move closer to or further away from the equilibriumpotential for Na+ when the membrane is more permeable to this ion? (1 mark)f. Describe how hyperkalemia of the extracellular fluids would change the restingmembrane potential of this cell and how this change will affect the signallingability of this cell. (2 marks)4. Create a flow chart that shows the somatosensory pathway for nociception. Include allneurons between receptor and the primary somatosensory cortex. How would damage tothe right side of the medulla affect a person’s ability to feel pain coming from their rightleg? Explain your answer. (6 marks)