Microsoft Word - 2- IJPH 12234 Dr Zare RTG XXXXXXXXXXdocx Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 41, No.6, Jun 2012, pp.12-20 Review Article Crisis Management of Tohoku; Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, 11 March...

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briefly in 350 words discuss the lessons learned from this event? Use evidence from scholarly resources to support your discussion.https://www.livescience.com/39110-japan-2011-earthquake-tsunami-facts.html



Microsoft Word - 2- IJPH 12234 Dr Zare RTG 91.2.16.docx Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 41, No.6, Jun 2012, pp.12-20 Review Article Crisis Management of Tohoku; Japan Earthquake and Tsunami, 11 March 2011 *M Zaré 1, S Ghaychi Afrouz 2 1. International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (IIEES), Tehran, Iran 2. Mining Engineering, School of Mining Engineering, University College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran (Received 12 Dec 2011; accepted 22 Apr 2012) Introduction The magnitude 9.0 Japan’s Tohoku Earthquake occurred at 14:46 local time on Friday, 11 March 2011, 125 km east coast of Honshu and 380 km far from Tokyo and rattled the large parts of Ja- pan and some part of east China and Russia with 30 km depth of the hypocenter (1). This earth- quake that lasted approximately 3 minutes (170 seconds) caused a 130 km long by 159 km wide rupture zone on the pacific plate subduction zone and followed by a huge tsunami with more than 40 meter waves. The destructive aftermaths of this incident made an irreparable disaster not only for the Japan, but also for the whole world because except for the enormous death toll and debris, the damages of nuclear power plants were a hazard- ous unexpected tragedy. Casualties and damages According to the report of the Japanese National Police Agency, 15854 dead, 3167 missing and 26992 injured across twenty prefectures are the result of this devastating earthquake and tsunami which ruined more than 125000 buildings. Moreo- ver, it caused long blackouts for more than 4.4 million buildings and left 1.5 million buildings out of water for days (2), also large fires were triggered one after another even for weeks after the main quake. Explosion and demolition of the Fuku- Abstract The huge earthquake in 11 March 2012 which followed by a destructive tsunami in Japan was largest recorded earthquake in the history. Japan is pioneer in disaster management, especially earthquakes. How this developed country faced this disaster, which had significant worldwide effects? The humanitarian behavior of the Japanese people amazingly wondered the word’s media, meanwhile the management of government and authorities showed some deficiencies. The impact of the disaster is followed up after the event and the different impacts are tried to be analyzed in different sectors. The situation one year after Japan 2011 earthquake and Tsunami is over- viewed. The reason of Japanese plans failure was the scale of tsunami, having higher waves than what was as- sumed, especially in the design of the Nuclear Power Plant. Japanese authorities considered economic benefits more than safety and moral factors exacerbate the situation. Major lessons to be learnt are 1) the effectiveness of disaster management should be restudied in all hazardous countries; 2) the importance of the high-Tech early- warning systems in reducing risk; 3) Reconsidering of extreme values expected/possible hazard and risk levels is necessary; 4) Morality and might be taken as an important factor in disaster management; 5) Sustainable devel- opment should be taken as the basis for reconstruction after disaster. Keywords: Japan, Earthquake, Tsunami, Disaster, Crisis Management, Fukushima *Corresponding Author: E-mail address: [email protected] Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir Zaré & Ghaychi Afrouz.: Crisis Management of Tohoku … 13 Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir shima I Nuclear Power Plant (Fukushima Daiichi), which generated radioactive contamination near the plant’s area with irreversible damages to the environment, was one the most significant issues of this catastrophe and ranked 7 (the most sever level for nuclear power plant) based on the Inter- national Nuclear Event Scale, similar to the Cher- nobyl disaster on 26 April 1986 (3). Therefore, it is not strange to consider to this earthquake as the most important destructive seismic event of the beginning of the twenty first century in the ad- vanced industrial world. Losses intensified by hit of the tsunami as the sta- tistics shows it was more fatal (Fig. 1) and also more buildings destroyed by its strike; However, the quake was the main cause of the partial dam- age of buildings (4). Figure 2 manifests the build- ing losses distribution through affected areas and Fig. 3 reveals the relative impact of the earthquake vs. tsunami in each prefecture of Japan (4). Fig. 1: Division of total 19100 death and missed people by the reason as of 10th March 2012 (CATDAT) Fig. 2: Building damage distribution (CATDAT) Fig. 3: The relative impact of the earthquake vs. the tsunami in each location Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 41, No.6, Jun 2012, pp.12-20 14 Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir Seismology and Seismic History This mega thrust earthquake is categorized as a great earthquake with the magnitude more than 8 in scientific seismological classification (5). Over 1000 aftershocks, some of which were larger than the recent catastrophic earthquakes in Iran such as Bam, Iran 2003, hit the area since the main shock. Regardless of the consequent tsunami, the To- hoku Sendai Earthquake (2011) is the largest rec- orded earthquake in the history of Japan in terms of magnitude while the territory of Japan is known by numerous and critical earthquakes. There are two momentous calamitous earthquakes in history of Japan: The great Kanto earthquake with magni- tude of 7.9 on 1 September 1923 which destroyed Tokyo and Yokohama rigorously by the severe quake and subsequent fires and caused more than 143000 deaths (6, 7); and the Kobe earthquake (also known as Hanshin- Awaji earthquake) with magnitude of 6.9 on 17 January 1995 that left more than 6400 demises (6, 8). The Kanto inci- dent is still the deadliest earthquake in Japanese history and the Kobe earthquake was the most costly natural disaster of the world since Tohoku Earthquake 2011 (9). Methodology Japan crisis management system Japan has an overall population of 127 million and is one of the most densely populated countries in the world (340 persons per Km), where the popu- lation highly concentrated around Tokyo (6). This earthquake-prone country as a pioneer in crisis management has a comprehensive plan for pre- paring against disasters, consists of the Central Council for Accident Prevention, chaired by Prime Minister, set of cohesive rules for imme- diate response to all of the unexpected incidents, the advanced research system and the extensive public education about disasters. As the result of this plan, in the case of an accident, people, gov- ernment officials and rescue departments know exactly what to do while the alarm is sounded, without chaos. It was after the disastrous Kobe earthquake of 17 January 1995 (M6.9) that crisis management of Japan greatly promoted since the government set up a GIS system and a general computer network. This system contains different subsystems to op- erate all disaster related functions from prevention before the disaster to damage evaluation after it (10). Additionally, the most advanced earthquake and tsunami early warning system of the whole world is installed in Japan during 2003 to 2007, which is one of the main parts of this crisis man- agement system. This warning system had a con- siderable role in Tohoku 2011 earthquake to re- duce losses and save lives. Several Japanese media such NHK channel and also mobile phone net- works have the most responsibility of broadcast- ing the news of early warning system. In management of the 11 March 2011 crisis, one of the most facilitative factors for emergency managers was proper behavior of people who fol- low the commands cautiously. In other words, the “social capital” in this country had a significant role in recovery after the incident as people’s high re- spect to roles and moral values and their solidarity prevent them from influx for aid and looting and motivate them to consider the public benefits in- stead of self-interests. Response to the disaster Immediately after the event, The Government of Japan (GOJ) held National Committee for Emer- gency Management, headed by Prime Minister. The government declared an emergency in ef- fected area and dispatched the Japan Self Defense Forces for rescue operations (11). All ministries and departments such as Foreign Ministry, Minis- try of Transport and Ministry of Health were in- volved in this response, also local offices of disas- ter response in all prefectures begins their opera- tions as their duty was already clear. The Ministry of Health was in charge of preparing suitable ve- hicles for supplying water and assigning hospitals for remedy of casualties and people who have been exposed to radiation. Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries with Ministry of Finance were responsible for providing food, portable toi- Zaré & Ghaychi Afrouz.: Crisis Management of Tohoku … 15 Available at: http://ijph.tums.ac.ir let, blanket, radio, gasoil, torch, dry ice and other essential things. By the command of the govern- ment, all of the main highways in north of the country were completely occupied for emergency response activities. Besides, the transport systems includes subway, shipping and the Shinkansen bullet train ceased their activity in Sendai and To- kyo instantly after the quake. Moreover, at the day of event the Government of Japan declared “the state of nuclear emergency” due to the threat posed by reactors in two Fuku- shima nuclear power plants (I and II) and 140,000 residents within 20 km of the plant evacuated. At 15:36 JST (Japan Standard Time) on 12 March, there was an explosion in the reactor building at Unit 1 in Fukushima Daiichi (I) power plant. At 11:15 JST on 14 March, the explosion of the building surrounding Reactor 3 occurred. An ex- plosion at 06:14 JST on 15 March in Unit 2, dam- aged the pressure-suppression system. When the disaster began on 11 March 2011, reactor unit 4 was shut down for periodic inspection and all fuel rods had been transferred to the spent fuel pool on an upper floor of the reactor building. On 15 March, an explosion damaged the fourth floor rooftop area of the unit 4 reactor. Japanese Red Crescent Society (JRC), which had a substantial role in initial relief operations and temporary housing, deployed its teams promptly. JRC
Answered Same DayOct 08, 2020UNIT 3

Answer To: Microsoft Word - 2- IJPH 12234 Dr Zare RTG XXXXXXXXXXdocx Iranian J Publ Health, Vol. 41, No.6, Jun...

Soumi answered on Oct 11 2020
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Running Head: LESSONS LEARNED FROM 2011 EARTHQUAKE IN JAPAN    1
LESSONS LEARNED FROM 2011 EARTHQUAKE IN JAPAN
    2
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
LESSONS LEARNED FROM 2011 EARTHQUAKE IN JAPAN
Lessons learnt from Japan’s Earthquake
Japan is a disaster-prone country, especially in terms of natural disasters such as earthquakes and tsunamis. Hence, its disaster management system is one of the bests in the world. However, as informed by Zare and Afrouz (2012), although Japan manages and warns the people early about the chances of earthquakes forthcoming; nevertheless, it failed to do so, efficiently in case of the 2011 earthquake and the subsequent tsunami.
Consequently, 15894 people died as of 2016 and the number is still on counting, along with 726000 building being destructed partially, 278000 half-destructed and 120000 fully destructed (Oskin, 2017). Such a massive loss of lives and property has been estimated to be one of the largest in the world, thus, making this earthquake as the most expensive in terms of casualties worldwide.
However, as argued by Moore, Plank, Chester,...
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