CHAPTER FOUR
RESULTS
4.1 Effects of Graded Doses of
Curcuma longa
on the Reproductive Morphometric
Indices of Male Rabbit (Bucks)
4.1.1 Epididymal weights
Group C fed with 1,000 mg/kg
Curcuma longa
recorded the highest significant (p ± 0.09 g), while the control (group D) had the lowest (0.92 ± 0.04 g) at day 45 (Table 1). There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in the mean left epididymal weight of groups A (1.02 ± 0.03 g) and B (1.07 ± 0.02 g), dosed 250 and 500 mg/kg
Curcuma longa
respectively at day 45. There was a significant (p ± 0.04 g) at day 90. The mean left epididymal weight registered for group A (1.09 ± 0.01 g), at day 90, did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from the control value (0.94 ± 0.04 g). There was an increase in mean left epididymal weight values recorded at day 90 in all the groups. However, group A fed 250 mg/kg of
Curcuma
longa
showed a significant difference (t
= -3.920, p = 0.030).
The mean right epididymal weight result at day 45 followed the same pattern of the mean left epididymal weight at day 45. The control group recorded the lowest significant (p ± 0.05 g) at day 90. The mean right epididymal weights for groups A, B and C fed 250, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg of
Curcuma longa
were 1.07 ± 0.03 g, 1.13 ± 0.09 g and 1.19 ± 0.04 g respectively. There was a significant (p
Curcuma longa
fed groups registered dose dependent increase in mean right epididymal weight (Table 1). The daily comparison of mean right epididymal weights was similar with the mean left epididymal weight results. The mean right epididymal weight values registered at day 90 were higher than the values observed at day 45 in all the groups, and very high significant difference was recorded in group A, fed 250 mg/kg of
Curcuma
longa
(t
= -22.045, p = 0.0001).
Table 1: Effects of graded doses of
Curcuma longa
on the epididymal weights of male rabbit (bucks)
Groups / Concentrations (mg/kg)
|
Epididymal weights (g)
|
Left
|
|
Right
|
45 days
|
90 days
|
t
|
p-value
|
|
45 days
|
90 days
|
t
|
p-value
|
A (250)
|
1.02 ± 0.03b
|
1.09 ± 0.01a
|
-3.920
|
0.030*
|
|
0.98 ± 0.03b
|
1.07 ± 0.03b
|
-22.045
|
0.0001**
|
B (500)
|
1.07 ± 0.02b
|
1.16 ± 0.10b
|
-1.457
|
0.241
|
|
1.03 ± 0.03b
|
1.13 ± 0.09bc
|
-2.086
|
0.128
|
C (1,000)
|
1.21 ± 0.09c
|
1.26 ± 0.03c
|
-1.608
|
0.206
|
|
1.17 ± 0.09c
|
1.19 ± 0.04c
|
-0.384
|
0.727
|
D (Control)
|
0.92 ± 0.04a
|
0.94 ± 0.04a
|
-0.683
|
0.544
|
|
0.88 ± 0.02a
|
0.91 ± 0.05a
|
-1.033
|
0.378
|
Mean values with different alphabets as superscript in a column differ significantly (p
Level of significance along rows: * = p
4.2 Testicular
lengths
Group C recorded the highest significant (p ± 0.03 cm) and 90 (3.36 ± 0.02 cm), while group A had the lowest at days 45 (3.22 ± 0.03 cm) and 90 (3.28 ± 0.30 cm) respectively. However, the mean left testicular length of group C did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from the value registered for group D, the control (3.28 ± 0.06 cm) and group B (3.27 ± 0.03 cm) at day 45 (Table 2). There was an increase in mean left testicular lengths registered at day 90 in all the groups. Nevertheless, the increase recorded a significant difference in all the
Curcuma
longa
fed groups at p
The mean right testicular length at day 45 varied, but did not register any significant (p > 0.05) difference (Table 2). Group A recorded the lowest significant (p ± 0.03 cm) at day 90. The mean right testicular length of groups B (3.27 ± 0.03 cm) and C (3.30 ± 0.00 cm), fed 500 and 1,000 mg/kg
Curcuma longa
respectively and the control (3.27 ± 0.03 cm) did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). All the groups recorded an increase in mean right testicular lengths at day 90. However, group C fed 1,000 mg/kg of
Curcuma
longa
registered a significant difference (t
= -3.372, p = 0.043).
Table 2: Effects of graded doses of
Curcuma longa
on the testicular
lengths of male rabbit (bucks)
Groups / Concentrations (mg/kg)
|
Testicular
lengths (cm)
|
Left
|
|
Right
|
45 days
|
90 days
|
t
|
p-value
|
|
45 days
|
90 days
|
t
|
p-value
|
A (250)
|
3.22 ± 0.03a
|
3.28 ± 0.30a
|
-4.373
|
0.022*
|
|
3.17 ± 0.03a
|
3.22 ± 0.03a
|
-2.782
|
0.069
|
B (500)
|
3.27 ± 0.03ab
|
3.33 ± 0.04bc
|
-3.379
|
0.043*
|
|
3.22 ± 0.03a
|
3.27 ± 0.03b
|
-2.875
|
0.064
|
C (1,000)
|
3.29 ± 0.03b
|
3.36 ± 0.02c
|
-5.513
|
0.012*
|
|
3.24 ± 0.03a
|
3.30 ± 0.00b
|
-3.372
|
0.043*
|
D (Control)
|
3.28 ± 0.06ab
|
3.31 ± 0.02ab
|
-0.911
|
0.429
|
|
3.23 ± 0.06a
|
3.27 ± 0.03b
|
-0.819
|
0.473
|
Mean values with different alphabets as superscript in a column differ significantly (p
Level of significance along rows: * = p
4.3 Testicular
width
There was a significant (p ± 0.02 cm) did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) with the control (1.08 ± 0.02 cm). At day 90, there was also a dose dependent increase in mean left testicular width. But, significant (p ± 0.03 cm). There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in the mean left testicular width of groups A (1.11 ± 0.02 cm), B (1.15 ± 0.04 cm) and the control (1.12 ± 0.04 cm). There was an increase in mean left testicular width at day 90. The increase showed significant (p
t
= -3.286, p = 0.046) and C (t
= -5.279, p = 0.013) respectively.
There was a dose dependent increase in mean right testicular width of the experimental animals at days 45 and 90 respectively. The days 45 and 90 registered significant (p ± 0.06 cm and 1.35 ± 0.03 cm) respectively. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in the mean right testicular width of groups A, B and the control at days 45 and 90 respectively. Interestingly, the mean right testicular width of group A and the control at day 90 were recorded equal (1.14 ± 0.02 cm). There was a gradual increase in mean right testicular width at day 90. However, the increase did not show any significant (p > 0.05) difference between days 45 and 90 in all the groups respectively.
Table 3: Effects of graded doses of
Curcuma longa
on the testicular
width of male rabbit (bucks)
Groups / Concentrations (mg/kg)
|
Testicular
width (cm)
|
Left
|
|
Right
|
45 days
|
90 days
|
t
|
p-value
|
|
45 days
|
90 days
|
t
|
p-value
|
A (250)
|
1.06 ± 0.02a
|
1.11 ± 0.02a
|
-3.286
|
0.046*
|
|
1.09 ± 0.03a
|
1.14 ± 0.02a
|
-2.147
|
0.121
|
B (500)
|
1.11 ± 0.02b
|
1.15 ± 0.04a
|
-2.049
|
0.133
|
|
1.14 ± 0.02a
|
1.19 ± 0.04a
|
-3.000
|
0.058
|
C (1,000)
|
1.20 ± 0.02c
|
1.32 ± 0.03b
|
-5.279
|
0.013*
|
|
1.24 ± 0.06b
|
1.35 ± 0.03b
|
-3.071
|
0.055
|
D (Control)
|
1.08 ± 0.02a
|
1.12 ± 0.04a
|
-2.460
|
0.091
|
|
1.11 ± 0.03a
|
1.14 ± 0.02a
|
-1.287
|
0.288
|
Mean values with different alphabets as superscript in a column differ significantly (p
Level of significance along rows: * = p
4.2 Effects of Graded Doses of
Curcuma longa
on the Bucks Hormonal Assays
The mean testosterone was observed significantly (p ± 0.08 mg/dl), followed by group C (4.35 ± 0.22 mg/dl) at day 45. The control (group D) registered the lowest mean testosterone (3.47 ± 0.14 mg/dl), and it did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from the value recorded for group B (3.57 ± 0.21 mg/dl). There was a significant (p ± 0.04 mg/dl) at day 90 (Table 4). There was an increase in the mean testosterone width at day 90. The mean testosterone increase of
Curcuma
longa
fed groups at day 90 were recorded significantly very high (p
The mean luteinizing hormone (LH) results at days 45 and 90 followed the same pattern of the mean testosterone results at days 45 and 90 respectively (Table 4). There was also an increase in the mean luteinizing hormone at day 90. The increase observed in group A was not significant (p > 0.05). The increase recorded in groups B and C respectively were significantly very high (p = 0.0001), while that of the control was moderate (p = 0.010).
Table 4: Effects of graded doses of
Curcuma longa
on the bucks hormonal assays
Groups / Concentrations (mg/kg)
|
Hormonal assays (mg/dl)
|
Testosterone
|
|
Luteinizing
hormone (LH)
|
45 days
|
90 days
|
t
|
p-value
|
|
45 days
|
90 days
|
t
|
p-value
|
A (250)
|
5.57 ± 0.08c
|
5.86 ± 0.04b
|
-7.582
|
0.005**
|
|
7.89 ± 0.13c
|
8.46 ± 0.41b
|
-2.607
|
0.080
|
B (500)
|
3.57 ± 0.21a
|
6.73 ± 0.12c
|
-30.778
|
0.0001**
|
|
5.80 ± 0.11a
|
10.36 ± 0.06c
|
-77.635
|
0.0001**
|
C (1,000)
|
4.35 ± 0.22b
|
8.60 ± 0.12d
|
-49.686
|
0.0001**
|
|
6.96 ± 0.25b
|
11.55 ± 0.07d
|
-40.810
|
0.0001**
|
D (Control)
|
3.47 ± 0.14a
|
3.81 ± 0.04a
|
-4.753
|
0.018*
|
|
5.56 ± 0.56a
|
6.00 ± 0.14a
|
-5.861
|
0.010*
|
Mean values with different alphabets as superscript in a column differ significantly (p
Level of significance along rows: * = p
4.3 Effects of Graded Doses of
Curcuma longa
on the Bucks Cauda Epididymal Sperm
Reserves
The mean paired cauda epididymal sperm count was recorded significantly (p ± 17.04 mg/dl), followed by group B (373.25 ± 10.81 mg/dl) at day 45 (Table 5). The control (group D) registered the lowest mean paired cauda epididymal sperm count (333.25 ± 6.99 mg/dl), and it did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from the value recorded for group A (342.00 ± 2.58 mg/dl). The mean paired cauda epididymal sperm count of
Curcuma
longa
fed groups at day 45 also showed a dose dependent increase. There was a significant (p ± 2.58 mg/dl) at day 90, and also did not vary significantly (p > 0.05) from the value recorded for group A (353.75 ± 4.65 mg/dl).
There was an increase in the mean paired cauda epididymal sperm count at day 90 (Table 5). The mean paired cauda epididymal sperm count increase of
Curcuma
longa
fed groups at day 90 were recorded significantly very high (p
Table 5: Effects of graded doses of
Curcuma longa
on the bucks cauda epididymal
sperm reserves
Groups / Concentrations (mg/kg)
|
Paired cauda epididymal sperm count
|
45 days
|
90 days
|
t
|
p-value
|
A (250)
|
342.00 ± 2.58a
|
353.75 ± 4.65a
|
-6.905
|
0.006**
|
B (500)
|
373.25 ± 10.81b
|
434.75 ± 3.30b
|
-9.556
|
0.002**
|
C (1,000)
|
380.75 ± 17.04b
|
454.25 ± 4.11c
|
-7.687
|
0.005**
|
D (Control)
|
333.25 ± 6.99a
|
350.00 ± 2.58a
|
-4.823
|
0.017*
|
Mean values with different alphabets as superscript in a column differ significantly (p
Level of significance along rows: * = p
4.4 Effects of Graded Doses of
Curcuma longa
on the Does Hormonal Assays
The mean female estrogen levels at day 15 varied, but did not show any significant (p > 0.05) difference (Table 6). However, all the
Curcuma longa
fed groups had higher mean estrogen compared with the control (63.21 ± 0.89). At day 45, the control (group D) recorded significantly (p ± 0.57) than the
Curcuma longa
dosed groups, while the 1000 mg/kg fed group (group C) registered the highest (65.72 ± 1.09). Nevertheless, there was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in the mean estrogen levels of
Curcuma longa
fed groups at day 45. There were variations in the mean female estrogen levels between days 15 and 45. The variation only recorded significant difference in group C (t
= -5.002, p = 0.015).
There was a significant (p ± 0.33) and 45 (2.61 ± 0.15) respectively. However, the mean FSH noted for group A, at days 15 (2.55 ± 0.06) and 45 (2.92 ± 0.15), did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) from the values recorded for group D. There was an increase in mean FSH registered at day 45 in all the groups. However, the increase recorded a significant (p
Table 6: Effects of graded doses of
Curcuma longa
on the does hormonal assays
Groups / Concentrations (mg/kg)
|
Estrogen
|
|
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
|
15 days
|
45 days
|
t
|
p-value
|
|
15 days
|
45 days
|
t
|
p-value
|
A (250)
|
65.26 ± 1.76a
|
65.20 ± 1.62ab
|
0.145
|
0.894
|
|
2.55 ± 0.06a
|
2.92 ± 0.15a
|
-4.035
|
0.027*
|
B (500)
|
63.77 ± 0.84a
|
64.28 ± 0.59ab
|
-1.708
|
0.186
|
|
3.63 ± 0.20b
|
4.11 ± 0.36b
|
-2.129
|
0.123
|
C (1,000)
|
64.39 ± 1.46a
|
65.72 ± 1.09b
|
-5.002
|
0.015*
|
|
4.75 ± 0.17c
|
5.08 ± 0.04c
|
-4.770
|
0.018*
|
D (Control)
|
63.21 ± 0.89a
|
63.67 ± 0.57a
|
-0.976
|
0.401
|
|
2.26 ± 0.33a
|
2.61 ± 0.15a
|
-3.276
|
0.047*
|
Mean values with different alphabets as superscript in a column differ significantly (p
Level of significance along rows: * = p
4.5 Gestation Lengths of Rabbit Does Fed Graded Doses of
Curcuma longa
Figure 1 represents the gestation lengths of rabbit does fed graded doses of
Curcuma longa. The gestation lengths of groups A, B, C and D (control) feed with 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, 1,000 mg/kg and 0 mg/kg of
Curcuma
longa
were 31.00 ± 0.00, 30.25 ± 0.48, 30.50 ± 0.29 and 30.75 ± 0.25 days respectively. There was no significant (p > 0.05) difference in the mean gestation lengths of the rats between the groups studied.
Figure 1: Gestation lengths of rabbit does fed graded doses of
Curcuma longa
4.6 Litter Characteristics from Rabbit Does Fed
Graded Doses of
Curcuma longa
Table 7 investigated whether the litter size, pup body weight and crown rump length were modulated by exposure to
Curcuma
longa. Variations in the mean litter size were observed across the groups to be between 5.25 ± 1.50 to 7.25 ± 0.96. The control group recorded the lowest significant (p < 0.05)="" mean="" litter="" size.="" there="" was="" no="" significant="" (p=""> 0.05) difference in the mean litter size of
Curcuma
longa
feed groups.
Treatment influenced pup body weights. Group C, feed 1,000 mg/kg
Curcuma
longa
recorded the highest significant (p ± 2.57 g). However, the mean pup body weight of all the
Curcuma
longa
feed groups were higher than the value registered for the control. But, the mean pup weights of the groups feed with 250 mg/kg (43.64 ± 1.94 g) and 500 mg/kg (42.58 ± 5.73 g)
Curcuma
longa
did not differ significantly from the control (42.06 ± 1.17 g).
There was an influence of
Curcuma
longa
on the mean crown rump length. Control group had shorter mean crump length (4.19 ± 0.33 cm) compared to the
Curcuma
longa
dosed groups (Table 7). There was a dose dependent decrease in the mean crown rump length. Treatment modulated mean crown rump length with significant difference (p
Table 7: Litter characteristics from rabbit does fed
graded doses of
Curcuma longa
Mean values with different alphabets as superscripts in a column differ significantly (p
Groups / Concentrations (mg/kg)
|
Litter size
|
Pup body weight (g)
|
Crown rump length (cm)
|
Body mass index (g/cm2)
|
A (250)
|
5.50 ± 1.29ab
|
43.64 ± 1.94ab
|
4.80 ± 0.23c
|
|
B (500)
|
7.25 ± 0.96b
|
42.58 ± 5.73a
|
4.74 ± 0.25c
|
|
C (1,000)
|
6.00 ± 0.82ab
|
44.99 ± 2.57b
|
4.55 ± 0.25b
|
|
D (Control)
|
5.25 ± 1.50a
|
42.06 ± 1.17a
|
4.19 ± 0.33a
|
|
4.7 Effects of Different Concentrations of
Curcuma longa
Exposure on the Biochemical
Parameters and Mineral Compositions of Rabbit
4.7.1 Effects on
male rabbits (bucks)
4.7.2 Effects on fem
ale rabbits (does)
Table 9 showed that all the female serum biochemical parameters and mineral compositions sampled were observed significantly (p < 0.05)="" highest="" in="" group="" d="" (control).="" the="" mean="" total="" serum="" cholesterol="" levels="" did="" not="" show="" any="" significant="" (p=""> 0.05) difference among the
Curcuma longa
fed groups. Among the
Curcuma longa
fed groups, group A, feed with 250 mg/kg of
Curcuma longa
registered the highest mean serum triglyceride (92.29 ± 0.92 mg/dl) and malondialdehyde (MDA) (92.33 ± 0.88 μmol/L) levels, while group B, feed with 500 mg/kg of
Curcuma longa
recorded the highest total serum plasma protein (92.79 ± 1.42 mg/dl) with significant (p
The mean mineral calcium and phosphorus did not show any significant (p > 0.05) difference among the
Curcuma longa
feed groups respectively. There was a dose dependent decrease in mean calcium ion concentration.
Table 9: Effects of different concentrations of
Curcuma longa
exposure on the biochemical parameters and mineral
compositions of fem
ale rabbits (does)
Groups / Concentrations (mg/kg)
|
Biochemical parameters (mg/dl)
|
Mineral compositions (mg/dl)
|
Total cholesterol
|
Triglycerides
|
Total protein
|
Malondialdehyde (μmol/L)
|
Calcium
|
Phosphorus
|
A (250)
|
91.23 ± 0.64a
|
92.29 ± 0.92b
|
91.36 ± 0.97ab
|
92.33 ± 0.88b
|
91.80 ± 0.74a
|
90.91 ± 1.07a
|
B (500)
|
91.63 ± 0.81a
|
90.73 ± 0.48a
|
92.79 ± 1.42b
|
91.26 ± 0.81ab
|
90.75 ± 0.34a
|
90.92 ± 0.57a
|
C (1,000)
|
90.76 ± 1.43a
|
91.53 ± 0.50ab
|
90.63 ± 0.17a
|
90.68 ± 0.28a
|
90.65 ± 0.27a
|
90.69 ± 0.45a
|
D (Control)
|
122.56 ± 1.78b
|
122.32 ± 1.40c
|
123.01 ± 1.76c
|
123.40 ± 1.24c
|
122.77 ± 1.33b
|
123.09 ± 1.85b
|
Mean values with different alphabets as superscripts in a column differ significantly (p
4.8 Fasting Blood Sugar Levels of Rabbit Exposed to Graded Doses of
Curcuma longa
The control group recorded the highest significant (p
Curcuma longa
graded dosed groups. There were variations among the
Curcuma longa
feed groups, but significant difference (p
Comparing the fasting blood sugar levels across the days revealed that groups A and B dosed 250 and 500 mg/kg of
Curcuma longa
respectively, and the control group, did not register any significant (p > 0.05) difference. A slight non significant (p > 0.05) duration dependent increase in mean FBS was noted from days 30 to 60, and a significant (p ± 1.42 mg/dL) in group B.
Table 10: Changes in fasting blood sugar of rabbit exposed to different concentrations of
Curcuma longa
for 90 days
Groups / Concentrations (mg/kg)
|
Fasting blood sugar (mg/dL) / Duration (Days)
|
15
|
30
|
45
|
60
|
75
|
90
|
A (250)
|
91.23 ± 0.64a1
|
92.29 ± 0.92b1
|
91.80 ± 0.74a1
|
90.91 ± 1.07a1
|
91.36 ± 0.97ab1
|
92.33 ± 0.88b1
|
B (500)
|
91.63 ± 0.81a12
|
90.73 ± 0.48a1
|
90.75 ± 0.33a1
|
90.92 ± 0.57a1
|
92.79 ± 1.42b2
|
91.26 ± 0.81ab1
|
C (1,000)
|
90.76 ± 1.43a1
|
91.53 ± 0.50ab1
|
90.65 ± 0.27a1
|
90.69 ± 0.44a1
|
90.63 ± 0.17a1
|
90.68 ± 0.28a1
|
D (Control)
|
122.56 ± 1.78b1
|
122.32 ± 1.40c1
|
122.77 ± 1.33b1
|
123.09 ± 0.1.8b1
|
123.01 ± 1.76c1
|
123.40 ± 1.24c1
|
Mean values with different alphabets as superscripts in a column differ significantly (p
Mean values with different numbers as superscripts in a row differ significantly (p
Groups / Conc. (mg/kg)
|
Biochemical parameters (mg/dl)
|
Total cholesterol
|
Triglycerides
|
45
|
90
|
t; p-value
|
45
|
90
|
t; p-value
|
A (250)
|
106.59 ± 4.19b
|
62.23 ± 4.15a
|
16.438; 0.0001
|
48.44 ± 3.59a
|
52.25 ± 3.05ab
|
-0.637; 0.569
|
B (500)
|
89.77 ± 14.79ab
|
77.19 ± 1.47ab
|
0.876; 0.446
|
47.44 ± 5.49a
|
49.73 ± 4.12a
|
-0.287; 0.793
|
C (1,000)
|
103.36 ± 11.23b
|
88.27 ± 9.18b
|
1.317; 0.279
|
53.34 ± 2.71a
|
46.82 ± 9.24a
|
0.701; 0.534
|
D (Control)
|
68.48 ± 2.29a
|
70.53 ± 1.46a
|
-0.548; 0.622
|
43.96 ± 0.86a
|
67.43 ± 2.10b
|
-8.513; 0.003
|
|
Total protein
|
Malondialdehyde (μmol/L)
|
|
45
|
90
|
t; p-value
|
45
|
90
|
t; p-value
|
A (250)
|
5.88 ± 0.08a
|
6.76 ± 0.06b
|
-18.932; 0.0001
|
4.53 ± 0.74a
|
7.28 ± 1.18b
|
-4.464; 0.021
|
B (500)
|
5.74 ± 0.18a
|
5.98 ± 0.11a
|
-1.299; 0.285
|
4.42 ± 0.83a
|
3.49 ± 0.48a
|
0.717; 0.525
|
C (1,000)
|
6.16 ± 0.22a
|
6.29 ± 0.22a
|
-0.354; 0.747
|
4.47 ± 0.56a
|
3.92 ± 0.43a
|
0.964; 0.406
|
D (Control)
|
5.92 ± 0.09a
|
6.80 ± 0.13b
|
-8.236; 0.004
|
4.35 ± 0.53a
|
3.97 ± 0.25a
|
0.514; 0.643
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Minerals
|
|
Calcium
|
Phosphorus
|
|
45
|
90
|
t; p-value
|
45
|
90
|
t; p-value
|
A (250)
|
10.09 ± 0.37a
|
8.65 ± 0.12a
|
3.423; 0.042
|
6.47 ± 0.84a
|
6.88 ± 0.62a
|
-1.650; 0.198
|
B (500)
|
9.77 ± 0.33a
|
8.82 ± 0.20a
|
2.708; 0.073
|
5.50 ± 0.43a
|
8.17 ± 0.64ab
|
-5.338; 0.013
|
C (1,000)
|
10.18 ± 0.14a
|
8.89 ± 0.18a
|
8.473; 0.003
|
6.67 ± 1.29a
|
7.90 ± 0.54ab
|
-0.951; 0.412
|
D (Control)
|
9.98 ± 0.11a
|
8.89 ± 0.08a
|
15.190; 0.001
|
5.07 ± 0.33a
|
8.91 ± 0.51b
|
-6.664; 0.007
|