Defects, faults, . . . , failures Relate the following situations to the analogy of Fig. 19.2. a. A parallel system is designed to tolerate up to two malfunctioning processors. When a malfunction is...

Defects, faults, . . . , failures

Relate the following situations to the analogy of Fig. 19.2.

a. A parallel system is designed to tolerate up to two malfunctioning processors. When a malfunction is diagnosed, the IC card that holds the malfunctioning processor is isolated, removed, and replaced with a good one, all in about 15 minutes.

 b. When the Pentium division flaw was uncovered, a software package was modified through “patches” to avoid operand values for which the flaw would lead to errors. On replacing the Pentium chip with a redesigned chip (without the flaw), the patched software was not modified.