ELEC ENG 7057 Assignment 6: Sustainability Position Paper (20%) XXXXXXXXXXwords Due: 10pm Tuesday 9 June 2020 -1- Note: Assignment 6 has a 40% hurdle requirement. Topic With reference to relevant and...

Source i1 i
Md. iSahadat iHossain, iSulala iM.Z.F. iAl-Hamadani, iand iMd. iToufiqur iRahman i(2015) iE-waste: iA iChallenge ifor iSustainable iDevelopment. iJournal iof iHealth iand iPollution: iDecember i2015, iVol. i5, iNo. i9, ipp. i3-11. ihttps://doi.org/10.5696/2156-9614-5-9.3
Introduction i
Steady itechnological iadvancement iin ithe imodern iworld ihas ibeen imaking iour ilives ieasier, isimpler iand ifaster iin iso imany iways iwith ithe iprogressive iinvention iof ielectrical iand ielectronic iequipment i(EEE) isuch ias ipersonal icomputers i(PCs), iscanners iand itelevisions. iThe iobsolescence iof ithese iforms iof iEEE iis itermed ias i‘technological iwaste’ ior i‘e-waste’ ior i‘waste ifrom ielectrical iand ielectronic iequipment i(WEEE)’. iThe ivolume iof igenerated ie-waste ihas ibeen iincreasing iin iline iwith ieconomic idevelopment iall iover ithe iworld. iAccording ito ithe iUnited iStates iEnvironmental iProtection iAgency i(USEPA), ie-waste igrowth ihas isignificantly iincreased ias ia iproportion iof iglobal isolid iwaste igeneration iand inow icomprises i8% iof ithe itotal ivolume iof icurrent imunicipal isolid iwaste i(MSW). iThe iBasel iAction iNetwork i(BAN) iestimated ithat iglobal ie-waste igeneration iincreased ifrom i9.3 imillion itons i(MTs) iin i2005 ito i50 iMTs iin i2012, iand icurrently i20–50 iMTs iare igenerated ievery iyear. iFurthermore, ithis iproportion iincreased ifrom i1 ito i2% iof itotal isolid iwaste iby i2010 iand iis iincreasing iat ian ialarming irate ias ithe ifastest igrowing iwaste ifractions. iIn iterms iof ideveloped icountries, iit icomprises i1% iof itotal iMSW. iBy i2020 ihowever, iit iis iexpected ito irise ito i6%, iwith ia irange iof i0.01% ito i1% ifor ideveloping icountries iwith i<1 ikg iper iyear, iand ithis igrowth irate iis iexponential. iUnfortunately, ionly i10 ito i15% iof ithis iamount iis imanaged iproperly, iwhile ithe irest iis idisposed iof iin iopen ilandfills iaccording ito ione istudy. i
Although ie-waste iis iomnipresent iand igenerated ieverywhere, ihigh-income icountries isuch ias ithe iUS, icountries iof ithe iEuropean iUnion, iand iAustralia, iJapan, ietc. iare iconsidered ito ibe ithe imain isources iof ie-waste. iE-waste iconstitutes ion iaverage i8% iof itotal isolid iwaste igeneration iin ithese icountries. iRapidly ideveloping icountries iin itransition isuch ias iChina, iLatin iAmerica iand iEastern iEurope iwill ibe imajor iproducers iof ie-products iin ithe inext iten iyears iand iwill irepresent i1–3% iof ithe i1636 imillion itons iof iMSW igenerated iper iyear iof iMSW. iThese iwastes ican ibe iclassified iinto i26 icommon icategories iand icontain imore ithan i1,000 idiverse itoxic isubstances iincluding iheavy imetals iand iorganics, iwhich ipose iadverse ieffects ito ihuman ihealth iand iecosystems idue ito iimproper ihandling iand idisposal.
Background.
E-waste ihas ibeen iidentified ias ithe ifastest igrowing iwaste istream iin ithe iworld iat ipresent. iRapid isocio-economic idevelopment iand itechnological iadvancement iare ithe imain idrivers iof ithis itrend. iThe ihazardous ichemical icomponents iof ie-waste ihave ipotential iadverse iimpacts ion iecosystems iand ihuman ihealth iif inot imanaged iproperly. iThis irepresents ian iimminent ichallenge ito iachieving isustainable idevelopment igoals. iAlthough itechnologically ideveloped icountries iare ithe imain isource iof ie-product iproduction iand ie-waste igeneration, ithe igenerated ivolume ihas ialso ibeen iincreasing iin ideveloping icountries iand ithose iin itransition idue ito itransport iand itransfer ifrom ie-waste isource icountries. iConsequently, ideveloping icountries iare iin ia ivulnerable isituation idue ito itheir ilack iof iinventory idata, iwaste imanagement ipolicies iand iadvanced itechnology ifor ienvironmentally isound imanagement.
Objectives.
iThis istudy iaims ito idemonstrate ithat ithe ipresent iglobal ie-waste iscenarios iand ihealth ihazards icould iprolong ithe iachievement iof isustainable idevelopment itargets. iThis istudy iillustrates iscenarios ifrom idifferent iperspectives iand iraises iconcerns iabout ie-waste, iidentifies iinformation igaps, iand iprovides ia ibasis ifor iknowledge iand iawareness ibuilding iand itechnological iimprovement ito ifacilitate iglobal ilong-term isustainable idevelopment.
Discussion.
iTotal iand iper icapita iglobal ie-waste igeneration ihas ibeen iincreased ialong iwith isocio-economic idevelopment. iThese iproducts ipresent ia isignificant iglobal ichallenge idue ito ithe ihazardous ichemicals ithey icontain, itheir ihighly itechnical irecycling irequirements iand ithe ihigh ioverhead iand icosts iof ienvironmentally isound imanagement, ias iwell ias itheir iadverse iimpacts ito ihuman ihealth. iAlthough ihigh-income icountries iare ithe imain isources iof ithis iwaste, ilow-income icountries iare iexperiencing ian iincrease iin ie-waste idue ito ithe ishifting iprocess iof iboth irecently iproduced iand iused ielectric iand ielectronic iequipment i(UEEE), ias iwell ias icheap imanagement ioverhead icosts. iConsequently, ithey ibear ithe igreatest iburden iof iadverse ihealth ihazards iand iecosystem idegradation, iprolonging itheir iachievement iof isustainable idevelopment igoals.
Issues iof iE-waste
iElectrical iand ielectronic igoods icontain ia ivariety iof imetals, imany iof iwhich iare itoxic ito ihumans iand iecosystems. iMore ithan i60% iof ie-waste iconsists iof ithese idifferent imetal iions iand iabout i2.7% iare itoxic imetals. iThe iproper imanagement i(collecting, istorage, irecycling, idisposing) iof ithese iwastes iis iimportant ibecause iof ihazardous ichemicals iin ithe iwaste isuch ias ialuminum i(Al), iarsenic i(As), ibismuth i(Bi), icadmium i(Cd), ichromium i(Cr), imercury i(Hg), inickel i(Ni), ilead i(Pb) iand iantimony i(Sb). iFurthermore, ithe icombustion iof ithese ie-wastes ireleases ipolycyclic iaromatic ihydrocarbons i(PAH), ibrominated iflame iretardants i(BFRs), ipoly-brominated idiphenyl iethers i(PBDEs), ipolychlorinated ibiphenyls i(PCBs) iand ipolychlorinated idibenzop-dioxins iand ifurans i(PCDD/Fs) igases ithat ieffect isome ior iall ibio-physical ienvironments i(soil, iatmosphere, iaquatic). iConsequently, ithese ireleases iadversely iaffect ithe isurroundings iand icause idetrimental ieffects ito ihuman ihealth. iBrigden iand iLabunska ifound ithat iPBDEs iand iPBDD/Fs icontaminate ithe isurrounding isoil, iair iand iwater icausing ia idepletion iof ifertility iand iwater iquality, ias iwell ias iacting ias ineuro-toxicants iand iendocrine idisruptors iin iinfants iand ichildren. iThese itoxic ichemical icompounds iand ipersistent iorganic ipollutants i(POP) iaffect ithe ienvironment ithrough ithe iecological ifood ichain iand iadversely iaffect ihuman ihealth iand iecosystems. iBioaccumulation i(i.e., iPBCs, iBFRs iand iseveral ichemical ielements) iin ithe ifood ichain iaffects ihuman ihealth, iespecially iin ipregnant iand ibreastfeeding iwomen. iIn iaddition, ithey icause iendocrine idisruption iand ithis, iin iturn, iaffects ithe inervous isystem, ipre- iand ipostnatal idevelopment iand igenotoxicity. iDioxins imay ialter ithe imethylation istatus iof ideoxyribonucleic iacid i(DNA). iFurthermore, ithey ialso ichange ithe iserum ilevels iof imothers iand inewborns iand iare ia ipotential ihazard ito imaternal ihealth iand ichild idevelopment, ias iwell iproducing ihormonal ieffects iby iBFRs iand ithyroid-disrupting ieffects iin idevelopmental ilife istages.
Conclusions. i
Sustainability iis ibeing iprioritized ifor iall idevelopment iactivities iby iintegrating isocietal, ieconomic, ienvironmental, itechnological, icultural, iand igender iperspectives. iConsidering ithe iadverse ipotential ieco-toxicological iimpacts iand idiverse ihealth ieffects iof ie-waste, ian iurgent iglobal imultilateral iagreement iis ineeded iaddressing iits imanagement i(i.e., ihandling, istorage, itransportation, irecycling, iand ifinal idisposal), iwhether iby iland ifilling ior iincineration. iDue ito ithe iglobal inature iof ithe iissue iand ithe idifficulty iof iestablishing isustainable iand ienvironmentally isound iprocessing iof ie-waste iin ilow-income icountries, imultinational inegotiation iand icollaboration iis ithe ionly irealistic isolution. iFurthermore, icomprehensive iglobal ie-waste imanagement iand ipolicies icould ihelp ito ioff-set ithe ihazards iof ie-waste iand iare ithe ibest iapproach ifor iachieving isustainable idevelopment.
Source i2 i
Nnorom, iI.C; iOsibanjo, iO; iNnorom i iS.O. i(2007) i:Achieving iresource iconservation iin i
electronic iwaste imanagement: ia ireview iof ioptions iavailable ito ideveloping icountries. iJournal i
of iapplied iscience i7 i(20):2918-2933. ihttp://www.ansijournals.com/jas.
Introduction i
Africa iand iother ideveloping iregions iof ithe iworld iare icurrently iundergoing irapid iadvancement i
in iinformation iand icommunication itechnology i(ICT) ito ibridge ithe idigital idivide ithrough ithe i
importation iof isecondhand ior ihand-me-down, iused icomputers i iand imobile iphones i
from irich, ideveloped icountries i iespecially iEurope iand i ithe iUnited iStates iof iAmerica i
(USA) idue ito ilack iof ifinancial iresources iavailable ito imost ipeople iin ithe iregion. i iThe i
most irecent istatistics iindicate ithat ia imere i5.6 iper icent iof ithe ipopulation i-use ithe iinternet iin i
Africa icompared ito ithe iworld iaverage iof i26.6 iper icent i(fig i3). iNonetheless iAfrica iis ialso i
estimated ito ihave ithe ifastest iinternet iuse igrowth irate. iBetween i2000 iand i2008, ithe inumber i
of iusers igrew iby ia istaggering i1,100 ipercent icompared ito ithe irest iof ithe iworld’s i332.6 iper i
cent. i
Background i
Used ielectrical ielectronic iequipment i(UEEE) iis icritical ito ibridging ithe idigital idivide iand iimproving ithe isocio-economic idevelopment iof iAfrica ias imost iICT iactivities iin icybercafés, ieducational iinstitutions iand ismall ibusinesses ietc iin ithe iregion idepend ion iimported isecondhand icomputers imostly ifrom iEurope iand iUnited iStates iof iAmerica. i25–75% iof ithe iimported isecondhand icomputers imay inot ibe ifunctional ior irepairable ias iin iNigeria. iA imajor iconcern iis ithat ithe iconsignment iof iadmixture iof iEEE, iUEEE, inear iend iof ilife iEoL iUEEE iand iWEEE ior ie-waste iare inot ishipped ias iwastes, ibut ias isecondhand iproducts, iwhich imake ithe idevices inot isubject ito iBasel iConvention icontrol. iThe ilimited istudies iavailable iindicate ithat imost iof ithe iUEEE iexported ito iAfrica iare ihazardous iwastes iwith iconcentrations iof iheavy imetals iseveral ifold ihigher ithan ipermissible ilevels iin ideveloped icountries. iCrude imethods iare iused iin ithe iinformal isector ito iextract iprecious imetals isuch ias igold, isilver ietc ifrom ie-waste; icausing ithe irelease iof iheavy imetals iand ienvironmental imultimedia icontamination. iThe icurrent iflood iof ie-waste iinto iAfrica iis iconsidered ia irisk ifactor ito ithe iattainment iof isustainable idevelopment iand ithe imillennium idevelopment igoals iin ithe iregion. iOutright iban iof iUEEE iis inot iadvocated i. iBut idevelopment iof inational/sub-regional/regional ilegislative iand iregulatory icontrol iof iEEE ialong ithe isupply ichain ibased ion ilifecycle iapproach iis iadvocated; ias iwelll ias ithe iimplementation iof iExtended iProducer iResponsibility ifor iOEM iand iretailers. iThe ie-waste iproblem icould ibe ia idriver ifor icapacity ibuilding iof ithe iinformal isector iwith iemployment igeneration iand ipoverty ialleviation iopportunities.
Issues iof ie-waste
· Identifying ithe igaps iin ilegal iframeworks iacross icountries iand ithe idevelopment iof iappropriate inational, iregional iand iglobal iframeworks ion isound ihazardous ichemicals imanagement iin ie-waste. i
· The iimportance iof iproduct istewardship iand iextended iproducer iresponsibility iin ithe ilife-cycle imanagement iof ielectronic iand ielectrical iproducts ialready ioperational iin ideveloped icountries iis icritically iimportant ifor iAfrica. iHence ithe ineed ito iestablish irobust inational ipolicies, ilegislation iand idiligent ienforcement iincluding iproducers’ iand itraders’ iresponsibilities ias iwell ias itake-back iand irecycling ischemes iand itheir itargets i
· Development iof ilegislative iguidance ifor iExtended iProducer iResponsibility i(EPR)/lndividual iProducer iResponsibility i(EPR/IPR) ior iproduct istewardship iespecially iin iAfrica iand iother ideveloping icountries iand icountries iwith ieconomies iin itransition iwith irespect ito iEEE, iUEEE, iand iWEEE ishould ibe iaccorded itop ipriority. iImplementation iof iEPR iin iAfrica iand iother ideveloping iregions ihas ibecome inecessary iin ithe ilight iof ithe ipresent ihigh ilevel iof itrans-boundary imovement iof ie-waste iinto ithe ideveloping icountries iand ithe ilack iof ibasic ior istate-of-the-art irecycling iand iwaste idisposal ifacilities. i
· Prohibition iof iexport iof ie-waste iscrap ior inon-repairable iUEEE, iWEEE iand ior inear iEoL ito iAfrica iand iother ideveloping icountries.
· Reinforcement iof ithe iBasel iand iBamako iConventions; ias iwell ias iEU ienforcement ifunctions ito idiligently iimplement iappropriate iEU idirectives i
· National iand iregional iinventories iof ie-waste iare irequired ifor imeaningful iplanning iwhile inational/regional idatabase ion iEEE, iUEEE iand iWEEE ishould ibe iestablished ifor itracking iand iinformation iexchange ion iimport iand iexport istatistics itowards iprevention iand icontrol iof iillegal itraffic. i
Conclusions i
E-waste iis ian iemerging ienvironmental iproblem iin iAfrica iand ithe irest iof ithe iworld. iIt iis ia iparadox iof isome isort ias ie-waste ihas iboth ibeneficial iand iharmful ieffects. iNational, iregional iand iglobal icooperative iactions iare irequired ito ifind ia ilasting isolution ito ithe iproblem. iAfrica iis iat irisk ifrom ithe isheer ivolume iof ie-waste iinflux iin iview iof iextant iweak iinstitutional, iregulatory iand itechnical icapacity ito ihandle ithe iproblem; iand ithis imay ieven iworsen ithe ialready iweak imunicipal isolid iwaste iinfrastructure. iRecognising ithe inexus ibetween ienvironmentally isound imanagement iof iwastes iand ichemicals, ithe iuninterrupted...