EXPLANATION- The first part is basically to compare literature reviews of top countries with regards to pollution.The cities(countries) that tops the chart in pollution. Like CO2 top emitters.The...

Air pollution levels from Energy conversion processes
module no: ENCO 1104
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION    3
LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE POLLUTION IN DIFFERENT CITIES    4
AIR POLLUTION INDEX    4
COMMONLY FOUND POLLUTANTS IN ATMOSPHERE    6
EVALUATION OF POLLUTION LEVELS IN VARIOUS CITIES    10
EFFECT OF POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH    14
MEDICALLY DETERMINED GUIDELINES FOR EXPOSURE    14
CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH    15
POLLUTION CONTROL STRATEGY    17
MONITORING STATION AND MONITORING EQUIPMENT TO MONITOR POLLUTION IN DUBLIN    17
EVALUATING THE POLLUTION LEVELS NEAR THE TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY DUBLIN.    17
CONCLUSION    19
References    20
INTRODUCTION
Air pollution contributes to more than 3.8 million deaths worldwide every year according to the latest World Health Organization reports, among which more than 80% of the said death are due to myocardial infarction, heath problems and stroke while the rest of 20% are due to obstruction of the respiratory pathway and pulmonary or lung cancer due to exposure to particulate matter of more than 2.5. Most of the urban areas do not comply with the air pollution guidelines set by the WHO to maintain air pollution below PM 2.5 and a survey conducted in over 4300+ cities reveal that almost 80% are over the threshold level of pollutants present in the atmosphere. Therefore, it is safe to say that air pollution is one of the major concerns of human health related issues of the 21st century (Air Pollution World Health Organisation, 2018).
With the increase in population of urban areas, the constant development of the metropolitan cities, the rise of cars and vehicles that dominate our roads, the threat of air pollution is on the rise. Most cities have a pollution rate of 4 to 5 times higher than the normal threshold levels. Air quality is mainly affected by both natural causes such as rain, wildfires, etc and by man-made causes like combustion of CFC (chloroflurocarbon) gases, burning gaseous or liquid fuel etc. The most prevalent anthropogenic source of air pollutants are of course the emission and transmission of harmful gases from the automobiles and thermal power plants. Mixture of air pollutants and their interactions, increase in the concentration of NOx and methane, increase in ground level ozone gas result in several heath related diseases like asthma, bronchitis and other respiratory illnesses. The onset of air pollution has increased in the last few decades considerably and according to recent reports published by Greenpeace, more than 7 million people will be affected in the next year. NO, NO2, Ox derivates like O3 percentages are calculated to estimate the average rate of air pollution in the urban areas. In less developed cities almost 25% of the household are largely dependent on combustion of solid fuels as a source of energy (WHO Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, updated 2016). The major sources of air pollution in urban centers include the increase in power demand resulting in the use of cooling or heating systems that are either inefficient in utilizing energy properly or result in the excessive production of CFC, emissions from power plants to meet this increasing demand and the rise in use of private vehicles. In suburbs and developing townships the burning of agricultural and solid waste, incineration of solid fuels like biomass and coal poses a serious threat (Mayer, 1999). Governments are mainly relying on using sustainable energy as a means to combat air pollution and generating alternate fuels to minimize the effects.
LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE POLLUTION IN DIFFERENT CITIES
Pollution levels in different cities are continuously on the rise. The overall capital city rankings are formulated by comparing the PM 2.5 values available across all the regional capitals of the world using the pollution control dataset. A stark comparison can be noted in the pollution levels of cities present in Asian countries with those of North America and Europe, which will be further explained in the following paragraphs. The capital cities of Delhi and Dhaka in India and Bangladesh respectively occupy a greater position in the pollution scale than the American capital of Washington or other European cities. Reports reveal that these two have a 50% greater pollution rate than the 3rd highest ranking capital city of Kabul in Afghanistan. Even Middle East has a higher position in the pollution spectrum than European cities. Scientist and researchers say that the main area of concern is the fact that out of 62 regional capitals of the world only 9 of them have managed to steer clear of the pollution levels having an annual mean of less than PM 2.5 micron level within the WHO air quality guideline of 10μg/m³ (Ambient air pollution: A global assessment of exposure and burden of disease, 2016)
. In order to have a complete picture of the how air pollution is evaluated the importance of PM 2.5 as well as the commonly found pollutants in the atmosphere need to be well understood.
AIR POLLUTION INDEX
Air pollution is the 4th major leading cause of death in urban areas contributing to over a million deaths prematurely worldwide. The increasing threat of air pollution has thus created a need to establish a monitoring database that can compare and analyze the air pollution levels in different cities.
The guideline for measuring air quality has been set using two of the most standard guidelines based on PM 2.5. These are the United States Air Quality Index (US AQI) and the World Health Organization (WHO) Air Quality Guideline. Both are considered gold standard in evaluating the pollution levels in different cities. The scale is colour coded supplemented by the guidelines set by WHO according to which the annual mean exposure threshold should be less than 10 μg/m³ having the minimum amount of advsity to human health yet even a very negligible exposure is shown to have health impacts. The United States Air Quality Index (US AQI) is one of the most important and widely used guidelines in the world. It uses a colour scheme to show concentration of 0-500 that can affect human health. The US AQI’s “Good” range (<12μg/m3) is slightly higher than the WHO Air Quality Guideline (<10μg/m3). The following diagram is the measure of Air pollution Indexes according to the WHO and US AQI guidelines (Vallero, 2014).
Figure 1: The US AQI system for the measurement of Air Pollution recognized worldwide and used to measure air pollution levels in different cities (Ambient outdoor air quality and health, WHO, 2019).
The data included in many such pollution reports formulated my evaluation of different metropolitan cities and urban centers using continuous government monitoring systems. These systems are usually an aggregation of more than one standard guideline. The measurements are often made known to the public to promote awareness about the environment that they live in. Reports from environmental organizations and private individual are also taken into account while creating an integrated evaluation of the air pollution levels.
COMMONLY FOUND POLLUTANTS IN ATMOSPHERE
As previously mentioned, the reports generated by both WHO and the US AQI all focus their objectives on PM 2.5. Therein lays the importance. What is PM 2.5 and why is it used as a representative measure that denotes air pollution? PM or particulate matter (ambient airborne particles) measures 2.5 microns size of particulate matter that is considered the common range of diameter sizes present in a vast majority of air pollutants. The chemical makeup of a compound having size equal to or greater than 2.5 microns are called PM 2.5. Owing to the extremely low size pf PM 2.5 particles it is widely considered as the standard of threat for human health and diseases because it can penetrate deep into the respiratory tract or airways of humans and is virtually undetected by common fabric masks. Penetration leads to widespread infection in the respiratory tract, commonly effecting the lungs. Another important aspect is that most air pollutants have both short term and long term affect on human health affecting millions of people on a global scale. Most pollutants of PM 2.5 come from both natural and anthropogenic sources. Common sources include combustion (from vehicle engines, industry, wood and coal burning), as well as through other pollutants reacting in the atmosphere.
The following table gives a measure commonly found air pollutants in the atmosphere along with their sources and effects.
    Air Pollutant and its definition
    Sources of the Pollutant
    Effects on Human Health
    Ozone: This gas is found in both ground level i.e troposphere and the upper levels of stratosphere not considering the ozone layer that is present. It is a main constituent in smog at the ground levels.
    Formation of ozone occurs when nitrogen oxides mix with the volatile organic compounds in the presence of sunlight. So the prevalence of ozone in the atmosphere is mainly in the summer months. Sources of Nitrogen oxides are from burning gasoline, or coal, or other fossil fuels. The different types of volatile organic compounds come from a variety of sources ranging from trees to factories.
    Ground level of ozone is highly dangerous causing a huge number of health problem including asthma attacks and sore throats. It can lead to cough an difficulty in breathing and may be the leading cause of premature deaths. It also has adverse effects on plants and crops as well.
    Carbon monoxide: Odourless and...