For this assignment, I invite you to write about some details of your life story. You will be drawing from concepts discussed in chapter four of our textbook as you explore your lifespan development. Please submit a paper, between 500 and 1000 words in length, in which you write about a few incidents in your life that illustrate one or more of the developmental theories covered in chapter four. You can choose to write about any life event that is meaningfully related to your lifespan development. In your paper, please include the following:
- One of the following theories from chapter four of our textbook – Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, attachment theory, Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, Kohlberg’s levels of moral thinking.
Exploring Psychology 2 3 4 5 6 Exploring Psychology Eleventh Edition DAVID G. MYERS HOPE COLLEGE HOLLAND, MICHIGAN C. NATHAN DEWALL UNIVERSITY OF KENTUCKY LEXINGTON, KENTUCKY 7 Senior Vice President, Content Strategy: Charles Linsmeier Program Director, Social Sciences: Shani Fisher Executive Program Manager: Carlise Stembridge Development Manager, Social Sciences: Christine Brune Development Editors: Nancy Fleming, Trish Morgan, Danielle Slevens Associate Editor: Katie Pachnos Editorial Assistant: Anna Munroe Executive Marketing Manager: Katherine Nurre Marketing Assistant: Chelsea Simens Director of Media Editorial & Assessment, Social Sciences: Noel Hohnstine Executive Media Editor, Psychology: Laura Burden Media Editorial Assistant: Stephanie Matamoros Supplements Editor: Betty Probert Director, Content Management Enhancement: Tracey Kuehn Senior Managing Editor: Lisa Kinne Senior Content Project Manager: Won McIntosh Director of Digital Production: Keri deManigold Senior Media Project Manager: Chris Efstratiou Media Project Manager: Eve Conte Senior Workflow Supervisor: Susan Wein Senior Photo Editor: Robin Fadool Photo Researcher: Donna Ranieri Director of Design, Content Management: Diana Blume Design Services Manager: Natasha Wolfe Design Manager, Cover: John Callahan 8 Interior Design: Charles Yuen Art Manager: Matthew McAdams Interior Illustrations: Evelyn Pence Composition: Lumina Datamatics, Inc. Cover Photo: PeopleImages/E+/Getty Images Library of Congress Control Number: 2018948746 ISBN-13: 978-1-319-20586-7 (mobi) © 2019, 2016, 2014, 2011 by Worth Publishers All rights reserved. 1 2 3 4 5 6 23 22 21 20 19 18 David Myers’ royalties from the sale of this book are assigned to the David and Carol Myers Foundation, which exists to receive and distribute funds to other charitable organizations. Worth Publishers One New York Plaza Suite 4500 New York, NY 10004-1562 www.macmillanlearning.com 9 http://www.macmillanlearning.com [DM] For Carlise Stembridge, once my marketing manager, now my executive program manager, and always my supportive and encouraging friend. [ND] For Roy Baumeister, who showed me the joy of writing, the value of hard work, and the gift of curiosity. 10 About the Authors David Myers received his B.A. in chemistry from Whitworth University, and his psychology Ph.D. from the University of Iowa. He has spent his career at Hope College in Michigan, where he has taught dozens of introductory psychology sections. Hope College students have invited him to be their commencement speaker and voted him “outstanding professor.” His research and writings have been recognized by the Gordon Allport Intergroup Relations Prize, an Honored Scientist award from the Federation of Associations in Behavioral & Brain Sciences, an Award for Service on Behalf of Personality and Social Psychology, a Presidential Citation from APA Division 2, election as an American Association for the Advancement of Science Fellow, and three honorary doctorates. With support from National Science Foundation grants, 11 Myers’ scientific articles have appeared in three dozen scientific periodicals, including Science, American Scientist, Psychological Science, and the American Psychologist. In addition to his scholarly and textbook writing, he digests psychological science for the general public. His writings have appeared in four dozen magazines, from Today’s Education to Scientific American. He also has authored five general audience books, including The Pursuit of Happiness and Intuition: Its Powers and Perils. David Myers has chaired his city’s Human Relations Commission, helped found a thriving assistance center for families in poverty, and spoken to hundreds of college, community, and professional groups worldwide. Drawing on his experience, he also has written articles and a book (A Quiet World) about hearing loss, and he is advocating a transformation in American assistive listening technology (see HearingLoop.org). For his leadership, he has received awards from the American Academy of Audiology, the hearing industry, and the Hearing Loss Association of America. David and Carol Myers met and married while undergraduates, and have raised sons Peter and Andrew, and a daughter, Laura. They have one grandchild, Allie (seen on page 128). Nathan DeWall is professor of psychology and director of the Social Psychology Lab 12 http://HearingLoop.org at the University of Kentucky. He received his bachelor’s degree from St. Olaf College, a master’s degree in social science from the University of Chicago, and a master’s degree and Ph.D. in social psychology from Florida State University. DeWall received the College of Arts and Sciences Outstanding Teaching Award, which recognizes excellence in undergraduate and graduate teaching. The Association for Psychological Science identified DeWall as a “Rising Star” early in his career for “making significant contributions to the field of psychological science.” He is in the top 1 percent of all cited scientists in psychology and psychiatry on the Institute for Scientific Information list, according to the Web of Science. DeWall conducts research on close relationships, self- control, and aggression. With funding from the National Institutes of Health, the National Science Foundation, and the John Templeton Foundation, he has published over 200 scientific articles and chapters. DeWall’s research awards 13 include the SAGE Young Scholars Award from the Foundation for Personality and Social Psychology, the Young Investigator Award from the International Society for Research on Aggression, and the Early Career Award from the International Society for Self and Identity. His research has been covered by numerous media outlets, including Good Morning America, The Wall Street Journal, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, The New York Times, The Los Angeles Times, Harvard Business Review, USA Today, National Public Radio, the BBC, and The Guardian. He has lectured nationally and internationally, including in Hong Kong, China, the Netherlands, England, Greece, Hungary, Sweden, Australia, and France. Nathan is happily married to Alice DeWall and is the proud father of Beverly “Bevy” and Ellis. He enjoys playing with his two golden retrievers, Finnegan and Atticus. In his spare time, he writes novels, watches sports, tends his chickens, and runs and runs and runs. He has braved all climates—from the snowy trails of Michigan to the scorching sands of the Sahara Desert— to complete over 1000 miles’ worth of ultramarathons— including the Badwater 135 in 2017 (dubbed “the World’s toughest foot race”). 14 Brief Contents Instructor Preface: Engage Your Students So They Retain Psychology In Appreciation Student Preface: Time Management—How to Be a Great Student and Still Have a Life CHAPTER 1 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science CHAPTER 2 The Biology of Behavior CHAPTER 3 Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind CHAPTER 4 Developing Through the Life Span CHAPTER 5 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality CHAPTER 6 Sensation and Perception CHAPTER 7 Learning CHAPTER 8 Memory CHAPTER 9 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence CHAPTER 10 Motivation and Emotion CHAPTER 11 Stress, Health, and Human Flourishing CHAPTER 12 Social Psychology CHAPTER 13 Personality CHAPTER 14 Psychological Disorders CHAPTER 15 Therapy APPENDIX A Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life APPENDIX B Psychology at Work APPENDIX C Career Fields in Psychology, by Jennifer 15 Zwolinski APPENDIX D Complete Chapter Reviews APPENDIX E Answers to Retrieve It and Experience the Testing Effect Questions Glossary References Name Index Subject Index 16 Contents Instructor Preface: Engage Your Students So They Retain Psychology In Appreciation Student Preface: Time Management—How to Be a Great Student and Still Have a Life CHAPTER 1 Thinking Critically With Psychological Science The History and Scope of Psychology Psychology Is a Science Critical Thinking THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT The Scientific Attitude Psychological Science Is Born Psychological Science Matures Contemporary Psychology Research Strategies: How Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions The Need for Psychological Science Psychological Science in a Post-Truth World The Scientific Method THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT Correlation and Causation Psychology’s Research Ethics 17 Use Psychology to Become a Stronger Person—and a Better Student CHAPTER 2 The Biology of Behavior Neural and Hormonal Systems Biology, Behavior, and Mind The Power of Plasticity Neural Communication The Nervous System The Endocrine System Tools of Discovery, Older Brain Structures, and the Limbic System The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined Older Brain Structures The Limbic System The Cerebral Cortex Structure of the Cortex Functions of the Cortex THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT Using More Than 10 Percent of Our Brain Responses to Damage The Divided Brain Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, and Behavior Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human 18 Nature CHAPTER 3 Consciousness and the Two-Track Mind Consciousness: Some Basic Concepts Defining Consciousness Cognitive Neuroscience Selective Attention Dual Processing: The Two-Track Mind Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms and Sleep Why Do We Sleep? Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders Dreams Drugs and Consciousness Tolerance and Addiction in Substance Use Disorders THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT Tolerance and Addiction Types of Psychoactive Drugs Influences on Drug Use CHAPTER 4 Developing Through the Life Span Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn Developmental Psychology’s Major Issues Prenatal Development and the Newborn 19 Infancy and Childhood Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT Parenting Styles Adolescence Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development Emerging Adulthood Adulthood Physical Development Cognitive Development Social Development CHAPTER 5 Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Gender Development How Are We Alike? How Do We Differ? THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT Gender Bias in the Workplace The Nature of Gender: Our Biological Sex The Nurture of Gender: Our Culture and Experiences THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT Sexual Aggression Human Sexuality The Physiology of Sex 20 The Psychology of Sex Sexual Orientation An Evolutionary Explanation of Human Sexuality Sex and Human Relationships Reflections on the Nature and Nurture of Sex, Gender, and Sexuality CHAPTER 6 Sensation and Perception Basic Concepts of Sensation and Perception Processing Sensations and Perceptions Transduction Thresholds THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT Subliminal Sensation and Subliminal Persuasion Sensory Adaptation Perceptual Set Context, Motivation, and Emotion Vision: Sensory and Perceptual Processing Light Energy and Eye Structures Information Processing in the Eye and Brain Perceptual Organization Perceptual Interpretation The Nonvisual Senses Hearing The Other Senses 21 Sensory Interaction ESP—Perception Without Sensation? CHAPTER 7 Learning Basic Learning Concepts and Classical Conditioning How Do We Learn? Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Skinner’s Experiments Skinner’s Legacy Contrasting Classical and Operant Conditioning Biology, Cognition, and Learning Biological Constraints on Conditioning Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning Learning by Observation THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT The Effects of Viewing Media Violence CHAPTER 8 Memory Studying and Encoding Memories Studying Memory Encoding Memories Storing and Retrieving Memories Memory Storage 22 Memory Retrieval Forgetting, Memory Construction, and Improving Memory Forgetting Memory Construction Errors THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT Can Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse Be Repressed and Then Recovered? Improving Memory CHAPTER 9 Thinking, Language, and Intelligence Thinking Concepts Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles Forming Good (and Bad) Decisions and Judgments THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT The Fear Factor Thinking Creatively Do Other Species Share Our Cognitive Skills? Language and Thought Language Structure Language Acquisition and Development The Brain and Language Do Other Species Have Language? Thinking and Language Intelligence and Its Assessment 23 What Is Intelligence? Assessing Intelligence Intelligence Across the Life Span THINKING CRITICALLY ABOUT Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence Heredity and Intelligence Environment and Intelligence Gene-Environment Interactions Group Differences in Intelligence Test Scores The Question of Bias CHAPTER 10 Motivation and Emotion Basic Motivational Concepts, Affiliation, and Achievement Motivational Concepts The Need to Belong Achievement Motivation Hunger The