Please see filesFor this assignment, your instructor will provide you with an epidemiological...

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Please see filesFor this assignment, your instructor will provide you with an epidemiological research article to review. Using the information in Chapter 14 of the textbook as a guide, summarize and critique the article based on the epidemiological methods and concepts covered in the course. By Day 7 Once you have reviewed the article, click the Module 6 Article Critique tab. You will be given a set of 15 randomly-selected questions to answer. These questions are short answer questions about the critique of the article. You will have 3 hours from the time you open your critique questions until you must have the answers submitted in Blackboard. While you may open and close the questions in Blackboard, the timer will not stop once it is started. You may complete the questions any time during Module 6, and they must be completed and submitted before the end of Module 6 (and within 3 hours of when you opened them). Make sure to answer in complete sentences and address all parts of each question. These questions will be worth 5 points each, for a total of 75 points. They will be graded by your instructor and partial credit is possible. Please see the article critique   oup_ajepid_kwx170 1049..1056 ++ American Journal of Epidemiology © The Author(s) 2017. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journalpermissions@oup.com. Vol. 186, No. 9 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx170 Advance Access publication: May 23, 2017 Original Contribution Sex Differences in the Association Between Pain and Injurious Falls in Older Adults: A Population-Based Longitudinal Study Anna-KarinWelmer*, Debora Rizzuto, Amaia Calderón-Larrañaga, and Kristina Johnell *Correspondence to Dr. Anna-KarinWelmer, Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Gävlegatan 16, S-113 30 Stockholm, Sweden (e-mail: anna-karin.welmer@ki.se). Initially submitted September 14, 2016; accepted for publication December 20, 2016. We investigated whether there are sex differences in the association between pain and incident injurious falls. A total of 2,934 people (ages ≥60 years) from the population-based Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (2001–2004) participated. Participants were followed up for 3 and 10 years for falls leading to hospi- talization or outpatient care. Data were analyzed with flexible parametric survival models that adjusted for potential confounders. During the first 3 years of follow-up, 67 men and 194 women experienced an injurious fall, and over 10 years of follow up, 203 men and 548 women experienced such a fall. In men, the presence of pain, having pain that was at least mild, having pain that affected several daily activities, and having daily pain all significantly increased the likelihood of incurring an injurious fall during the 3-year follow-up period. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios ranged from 1.78 (95% confidence interval: 1.00, 3.15) for the presence of pain to 2.89 (95% confi- dence interval: 1.41, 5.93) for several daily activities’ being affected by pain. Results for the 10-year follow-up period were similar. No significant associations were detected in women. Although pain is less prevalent in men than in women, its impact on risk of injurious falls seems to be greater in men. aged; falls; injury; pain; sex factors Abbreviation: SD, standard deviation. Injurious falls are a major public health concern and are associated with risk of disability, nursing home admissions, and death in older people. They also lead to considerable costs for society (1). Injurious falls have been associated with higher risk of disability and nursing home admissions than other conditions (e.g., diseases) that lead to hospitalization (2). The prevention of injurious falls should therefore be a high prior- ity in society. Successful preventive interventions depend on identifying and managing risk factors for falls. Pain is common in the older population and is a major cause of mobility limitation and disability (3–5). Studies of older adults have shown that pain also increases the likelihood of falls (4, 6–11). However, few studies have investigated whether the increased risk of falls in older people with pain also translates to an increased risk of fall-related injuries. One study found that pain of at least moderate intensity increased the likelihood of falls but not fractures in older men (12). Another study suggested that widespread pain of moderate-to-high intensity was associated with falls and fractures in older women with disabilities (7). Previous studies have shown that the incidence of (13), risk factors for (14, 15), and consequences of (16) falls may differ in men and women. For instance, older women fall more fre- quently than older men and have a higher risk of experiencing injurious falls, possibly because older women have poorer physi- cal function and a higher prevalence of osteoporosis than older men (13, 16). In addition, studies have shown that the prevalence of pain is higher in women than in men (17, 18) and that women may be more likely than men to experience severe pain (19). However, studies have not yet established whether the association between pain and injurious falls differs in older men and women (8). Therefore, our objective in this study was to examine whether there were sex differences in the associations between pain charac- teristics (location, intensity, frequency, and interference with daily activities) and incident injurious falls in older adults during short (3 years) and long (10 years) periods of observation. 1049 Am J Epidemiol. 2017;186(9):1049–1056 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 METHODS Study population Participants comprised people aged 60 years or older from a population-based study, the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Kungsholmen (SNAC-K) (20). The study used stratified sampling. The population of Kungsholmen, an island in central Stockholm, was first stratified by age, and then a random sample of individuals was selected from each age cohort. A total of 11 age cohorts were chosen, with 6-year in- tervals between the younger cohorts (ages 60, 66, and 72 years) and 3-year intervals between the older cohorts (ages 78, 81, 84, 87, 90, 93, 96, and ≥99 years). Baseline data were collected from 2001 through 2004. A total of 5,111 people were initially selected to participate. Two hundred died before the start of the study, contact infor- mation was unavailable for 262 people, 32 had moved, 23 did not speak Swedish, and 4 were deaf. Of the remaining 4,590 people, 3,363 (73.3%) participated in the baseline examina- tion. In this study, we excluded an additional 349 people who had dementia (diagnosed in accordance with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria) or who lived in an institution, because self-reported pain is difficult to measure in these groups (21). Of the remain- ing 3,014 people, pain questionnaire data were missing for 35 and outcome data for 45. The analytical sample (n = 2,934) was significantly younger (mean age = 73.1 (standard devi- ation (SD), 10.3) years vs. mean age = 86.3 (SD, 10.2) years; P

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For this assignment, your instructor will provide you with an epidemiological research article to review. Using the information in Chapter 14 of the textbook as a guide, summarize and critique the...

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