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ENH60001- Environmental Health Concepts
Introduction
The heat wave of Europe which occurred in 2003 resulted in high temperature throughout Europe. As a result of such natural catastrophic there were more than 30000 deaths in Europe and around 14000 in France. The heat wave was due to the increasing impacts of global warming. This raised concern for Europe’s eagerness to climate changes. Heat waves generally occur due to long-lasting peculiarly high temperature on the surface relative to those usually expected. The heat waves can last for many day or weeks in a particular region. This is the major cause of mortality due to extreme weather conditions. Since 1950s, the causes of heat waves were mainly due to climatic changes. When such extreme weather occur, the climatic conditions is characterized by low humidity and can aggravate high humid situations or drought and can cause health related stress like dehydration, exhaustion due to heat and heat stroke (Britannica, 2019).
Description of the cases
It was in the month of June, 2003 severe heatwave began in Europe and it was continued till the mid-August. Due to this reason the temperature of Europe was raised by 20% to 30% higher throughout the continent than the seasonal average temperature. The impact of the heatwave was extended from Northern Spain to Czech Republic. The temperatures in Italy as well as in Germany were between 35̊C to 40̊C. The extreme weather condition which was due to anti-cyclone held back the rain bearing depressions from entering the continent from the Atlantic Ocean. For a period of over 20 days the dry hot air blew from the south of the Mediterranean. The temperature in UK was recorded the all time high at 38.1̊C in 10th August. In France the temperature was 40̊C and remained high for two weeks. On 11th August, 2003 the temperature in Switzerland was 41.5̊C and was the hottest month ever recorded in the 250 years of records. In the month of August, the heatwave extended to Central Europe with low rainfall due to which there was a water balance deficit of upto 380 mm in southern Europe, France, Germany, southern Romania, western Czech Republic and Hungary (UNEP, 2004). There were many deaths due to the severe weather conditions in Europe. This increase in mortality rate in Europe was a combination of poor quality of air and extreme temperatures which is associated with high ozone levels (Vautard et al., 2007)
Health impact and population affected
Due to the heatwave there were serious consequences in Europe. The death toll was approximately 30000 and was considered to be one of the top ten deadliest catastrophic events in Europe for the last 100 years. It impacted the elderly people. There were more than 14000 casualties in France due to the heatwave. There were cases of heatstroke, dehydration, sunburn, air pollution and drowning when people went to cool off in the rivers and pools along with cases like dizziness, headaches, deaths, tiredness, skin cancer. Within the span of 20 days i.e. 1st August 2003 to 20th August 2003, the cases of mortality in Europe rose to 60% when compared with the similar period in 1999-2002 (Fouillet et al., 2006; Poumadere et al., 2005; Valleron & Boumendil, 2004). A further breakdown of the mortality based on the sex suggests that there was 80% increase in the deaths of women totalling 9510 compared to 5292 deaths of the men (Hemon et al., 2003). Based on a study in Spain and agreed with other studies, it was observed that the number of deaths among women in France was with age over 65 years and having respiratory and circulatory diseases (D´ıaz et al., 2002a, 2002b). Further a lower mortality rate was observed in France within the age group of 45-64 years and thus the severe heatwave on the mortality had lesser impact on the people within this age group (D´ıaz et al., 2006b). As per the data from National Institute of Health & Medical Research (INSERM, France) following were the casualties in the various countries of Europe.
    Countries
    Casualties
    France
    14082
    Germany
    7000
    Spain
    4200
    Italy
    4000
    United Kingdom
    2045
    Netherlands
    1400
    Portugal
    1300
    Belgium
    150
...