HINT: PROVIDE ALL DETAILS AND USE FORMAL TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE WHEN ASKED (5 STEPS). 1. We are studying the religious behavior of older adults in London. We find that among a sample of Londoners...

HINT: PROVIDE ALL DETAILS AND USE FORMAL TESTS OF SIGNIFICANCE WHEN ASKED (5 STEPS). 1. We are studying the religious behavior of older adults in London. We find that among a sample of Londoners (N=650) that roughly 42% go to church regularly. Alternatively, we find that among a sample of Torontonians (N=200) that roughly 30% go to church regularly. Are Torontonians different from Londoners in their church attendance? Use alpha = .05 (10 marks) 2. We are studying the religious behavior of older adults in London. We find that among a sample of Londoners (N=65) that on average they go to church 5.5 times annually, with a standard deviation of 2.1. Alternatively, we find that among a sample of Torontonians (N=20) that they go to church 4.4 times annually, with a standard deviation of 1.8. Are Torontonians less likely to attend church than are Londoners? Use alpha = .05 (10 marks) 3. With a random sample of 2610 Canadians in 1970, the following data was collected from a national sample of Canadians. The researcher is examining whether being well educated leads somebody to be more supportive of “low cost education” (e.g. free tuition to university). Support for lower cost education 1970 years of education < 11="" yrs="" some="" college="" some="" univ="" university="" post="" grad="" total="" grad="" studies="" support="" 440="" 555="" 600="" 579="" 333="" 2507="" opposition="" 32="" 22="" 15="" 22="" 12="" 103="" 472="" 577="" 615="" 601="" 345="" 2610="" in="" 2010,="" we="" document="" with="" another="" sample="" of="" 3829="" canadians:="" support="" for="" lower="" cost="" education="" 2010="" years="" of="" education="">< 11 yrs some college some univ university post grad total grad studies support 440 523 553 555 333 2404 opposition 233 322 345 367 158 1425 673 845 898 922 491 3829 3a. what is the likely “dependent variable” and “independent variable” in the above tables? (2 marks) 3b. with the 1970 data, is there a significant association? (5 marks) 3c. with the 2010 data, is there a significant association? (5 marks) 3d. working with these contingency tables and percentages (percentage difference method), what can we say about support for low cost education and how it changes by level of education in 1970? (5 marks) 3e. similarly, what can be said of 2010? (5 marks) 3f. what is the strength of this association using either phi or cramer’s v in 1970? (2 marks) 3g. do the same with 2010, and indicate how the association has changed (3 marks) 4. the following data was collected from a random sample of canadian women and another random sample of canadian men. it documents information on smoking behavior and education. 4a. which variable is the logical “dependent variable”? (2 marks). 4b. is there a significant association for women? is there a significant association for men? (10 marks). 4c. calculate lambda for women. calculate lambda for men. is the association stronger for men or women? (10 marks) 11="" yrs="" some="" college="" some="" univ="" university="" post="" grad="" total="" grad="" studies="" support="" 440="" 523="" 553="" 555="" 333="" 2404="" opposition="" 233="" 322="" 345="" 367="" 158="" 1425="" 673="" 845="" 898="" 922="" 491="" 3829="" 3a.="" what="" is="" the="" likely="" “dependent="" variable”="" and="" “independent="" variable”="" in="" the="" above="" tables?="" (2="" marks)="" 3b.="" with="" the="" 1970="" data,="" is="" there="" a="" significant="" association?="" (5="" marks)="" 3c.="" with="" the="" 2010="" data,="" is="" there="" a="" significant="" association?="" (5="" marks)="" 3d.="" working="" with="" these="" contingency="" tables="" and="" percentages="" (percentage="" difference="" method),="" what="" can="" we="" say="" about="" support="" for="" low="" cost="" education="" and="" how="" it="" changes="" by="" level="" of="" education="" in="" 1970?="" (5="" marks)="" 3e.="" similarly,="" what="" can="" be="" said="" of="" 2010?="" (5="" marks)="" 3f.="" what="" is="" the="" strength="" of="" this="" association="" using="" either="" phi="" or="" cramer’s="" v="" in="" 1970?="" (2="" marks)="" 3g.="" do="" the="" same="" with="" 2010,="" and="" indicate="" how="" the="" association="" has="" changed="" (3="" marks)="" 4.="" the="" following="" data="" was="" collected="" from="" a="" random="" sample="" of="" canadian="" women="" and="" another="" random="" sample="" of="" canadian="" men.="" it="" documents="" information="" on="" smoking="" behavior="" and="" education.="" 4a.="" which="" variable="" is="" the="" logical="" “dependent="" variable”?="" (2="" marks).="" 4b.="" is="" there="" a="" significant="" association="" for="" women?="" is="" there="" a="" significant="" association="" for="" men?="" (10="" marks).="" 4c.="" calculate="" lambda="" for="" women.="" calculate="" lambda="" for="" men.="" is="" the="" association="" stronger="" for="" men="" or="" women?="" (10="">