https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l38voI0qCDsAfter watching Video and read the lecture note and ppt please answer the questions in the homework attached.
Homework 1/Nashville Takes Action: A City Battles Obesity After watching the video, please write your answers to the questions below in complete sentences to receive full credit. Notice that questions 5 and 6 ask you to apply what you learned in week 1 to what you see in this video. You may want to go back and review those notes to make sure you are using the correct terms. 1. What federal organization is working with the local government in Nashville to provide funding to reduce obesity? 2.Part of the obesity crisis is that people are eating unhealthy foods. What are some of the changes being made in Nashville that will help people to make better food choices? Describe at least 2 examples. 3. According to the video, 95% of adults don’t meet the recommended guidelines for physical activity. What are they doing in Nashville to try to make it easier for people to exercise or be more active? Describe at least 3 examples. 4. How is the Fire Department contributing to solving the problem of obesity in their firefighters? 5. Give at least 2 examples of social/cultural factors that contributed to obesity in Nashville. Briefly explain how they contributed to the obesity problem. 6. Give at least 2 examples of physical factors that contributed to obesity in Nashville. Briefly explain how they contributed to the obesity problem. Chapter 2 Community Organizations—Lecture Notes Slide 1—Title Slide. In personal health, we rely on doctors, nurses, clinics, and hospitals to care for our individual health issues. But when we talk about community health, we rely on organizations to monitor the health of the larger population and to set policies and guidelines to prevent disease and improve the health of the entire community. This chapter looks at the major types of organizations that contribute to community health. (Keep in mind as you read through these notes that all of these organizations hire people with degrees in health professions; most also have excellent, reliable, current websites that are great sources of health information when you are writing papers for your health courses.) Slide 2—Many governmental organizations are charged with protecting our health. On this slide, you can see the primary and largest international organization that concerns itself with global health: the World Health Organization (WHO), which officially began its work in 1948. The main office for WHO is located in Geneva, Switzerland, but there are also 6 regional offices around the globe. If you wanted to work for WHO, you could quite literally end up anywhere in the world. It employs more than 7000 people from many countries and in many locations. The office for the Americas is in Washington, DC. Approximately 194 countries are members of the WHO. Each nation contributes to the budget necessary to carry out the WHO functions, based on ability to pay (this means wealthier nations pay more than poor nations.) The organization’s main focus is on health in the poorest nations that lack even the most basic needs and are considered at highest risk for poverty, hunger, and disease. According to the WHO website, “The new Thirteenth General Program of Work (GPW 13) defines WHO’s strategy for the five-year period, 2019-2023. It focuses on measurable impacts on people’s health at the country level. WHO’s mission to promote health, keep the world safe, and serve the vulnerable is linked to three bold targets: · One billion more people to benefit from universal health coverage · One billion more people better protected from health emergencies · One billion more people enjoying better health and well-being” One of the most often cited accomplishments of the WHO is the eradication of smallpox. (Remember this was the disease mentioned in Chapter 1 for which Edward Jenner came up with the idea of a vaccine as a method of prevention.) The WHO led a global vaccine program and declared the disease had been completely eliminated in 1979. It is estimated that this saved 60 million lives globally that otherwise would have been lost to smallpox. Of course, the WHO has been in the news constantly as the organization leading the global fight against covid-19. As you probably know, the term “pandemic” refers to a global outbreak of a disease. Slide 3—This slide begins a series of slides looking at national (also referred to as federal) governmental organizations that are responsible for the health of Americans. All governmental organizations are funded in the same way: through tax dollars. Part of what each one of us pays in taxes goes to pay for organizations that protect our health. The primary national health organization is the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). HHS administers more than 100 programs across its agencies that protect the health of all Americans and provide essential human services, especially for those who are least able to help themselves. It directly affects the lives of more people than any other federal agency. Before we look at some of the agencies that make up HHS, you should know that there are a few other agencies that are NOT part of HHS, that still play important roles in protecting our health. I’ve mentioned 3 of them on the slide: Department of Agriculture (USDA): The USDA inspects part of the food supply in the US—especially meat, eggs and dairy. They also are involved in nutrition education. If you have taken HLT 94, you might have learned that they put out new Dietary Guidelines every 5 years, and also are responsible for the visual models we use such as the MY Plate Model. The Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Program that promotes the nutritional health of pregnant/breastfeeding women and their young children is administered through the USDA – and the agency coordinates the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) which provides help for those with low incomes who might be struggling to pay for food. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): Last week we mentioned that clean air and water were essential components of the physical determinants of health. The EPA is responsible for setting standards for clean air and water, monitoring air and water for pollutants, and for cleaning up spills of hazardous materials (oil spills or chemical spills). Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): This agency focuses on worksite health. It sets guidelines and standards for worker safety on the job and conducts inspections to ensure guidelines are being followed by employers. For example, OSHA determines what type of safety equipment workers must have on the job, and has a tracking system to keep records of worksite injuries and illnesses. Slide 4—Notice the heading on the slide, “Agencies of HHS,” applies through slides 5, 6, and 7 as well. On these slides you will see some of the main agencies that operate through the Department of Health and Human Services. Probably the agency almost everyone is familiar with is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), located in Atlanta, Georgia. The summary of the agency’s role from your text and the CDC’s website: · Detecting and responding to new and emerging health threats · Tackling the biggest health problems causing death and disability for Americans · Putting science and advanced technology into action to prevent disease · Promoting healthy and safe behaviors, communities and environment · Developing leaders and training the public health workforce, including disease detectives · Taking the health pulse of our nation As our nation has been under threat of Covid-19 since early in 2020, the CDC has been in the news almost daily as it has played a role in monitoring the outbreaks as they have occurred in each region and state; they have also advised our government and set guidelines to try to protect the health of citizens and to limit the spread of the disease. While we tend to think of the CDC as a US agency, it is important to realize that a component of their work is also global. Infectious diseases can easily be transmitted around the world today in short periods of time. The CDC has offices in other countries to monitor what is happening and routinely gets involved in outbreaks of disease in other countries, such as the recent Ebola outbreaks in a few African countries and the Zika outbreak that affected Central and South America in 2015-2016. As much as possible, the goal is to try to contain the disease in the country where it originated so that it does not end up spreading to the US or other nations. (As we all know, this was not successful with covid.) This slide also mentions another HHS agency that you might be familiar with—The Food and Drug Administration (FDA). As its name indicates, a big part of its role is to regulate and ensure the safety of foods, medications (both over-the-counter and prescription drugs), and even cosmetics. The FDA regulates over 6000 types of medical devices sold in the United States which includes basic instruments such as “simple tongue depressors and hospital gowns to complex programmable pacemakers and robotic surgical systems.” Any device that uses or emits radiation is subject to FDA regulation; this would include x-ray medical diagnostic equipment such as mammograms and CAT scan machines, along with more mainstream items such as microwave ovens. One significant note: beginning in 2009 (during the Obama administration), the FDA was given the authority to regulate the manufacturing, marketing, and distribution of tobacco products for the first time in order to protect public health and to reduce the use of tobacco by teens. Slide 5—This slide has 2 more agencies of HHS, but these are ones you might not be as familiar with. The first is Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS). Remember from last week that Medicare provides health insurance for those over 65 and the disabled; Medicaid covers those with low-income levels. Currently these 2 programs cover about 124 million people in the US. Just to put that in perspective, the population of the US is about 330 million people. So, that means about 38% of all of us in the US receive our health insurance through these 2 programs. This slide also mentions an agency called the Indian Health Services (IHS), which is unique because it exists to serve the health needs of one specific minority population: American Indians and Alaskan Natives (note—we often refer to these groups together with the term “Native Americans.”) The size of this population is fairly small: there are about 2 million Native Americans divided among 567 tribal groups located all across the US. A special relationship was established in 1787 between the US government and the tribal governments based on a provision of the US Constitution. IHS is recognized as “the principle federal health care provider and health advocate for Indian people.” Part of this responsibility is based on the recognition that the Native American population was here long before European settlers arrived. Native Americans had their land taken from them