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Delivery Mode: · Online via Zoom (Meeting ID: 383 428 8352) · However, the face-to-face mode will be scheduled, which can be adjusted according your schedule ant test schedule. Textbook: · Computer Architecture: A Quantitative Approach, J. L. Hennessy and D. A. Patterson, Morgan Kaufmann Publishing Co., Menlo Park, CA, ISBN 978-0-12-383872-8. · This textbook is strongly recommended but not required. · Assignments, tests can be performed without this textbook as long a you attend all lectures and study with lecture notes (Word file) and class materials (PPT slides) distributed by instructor. Class Topics: Review number systems, digital codes, and digital logic gates and circuits · Binary, Decimal, Hexadecimal, Negative Number Representations, Binary Computation (Booth Algorithm), BCD code, Gray code, Hamming code · Qubit (Quantum Computer) IMB Q simulation · Google (53 qubits), IBM, IonQ · Traditional Computer · Bit 0 or 1 · If we received data sequence 101110, then you will record the received data (101110) in your memory. · After you record the received data, the data sequence is still same. · Quantum Computer · Qubit 0 and 1 at the same time Superposition · If we received data sequence 101110, then you will record the received data (101110) in your memory. · After you record the received data, the data sequence has been changed. X Y X Y X Y X Y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Input 01 Input 01 Input 01 Input 01 Output 01 Output 10 Output 11 Output 00 · 2 qubits 22 = 4 different outputs Computer Systems Parallel Computing, Grid Computing, Super Computing Performance of CPU and Main memory CPUs (ARM, Motorola, Intel, AMD Ryzen) GUPs (Nvidia, AMD Radeon) AMD Since 2004, Lisa Su Ryzen CPU, Radeon GPU Hardware Components (Blockchain Mining Equipment) Blockchain Cryptocurrency Mining: GPU FPGA ASIC Mow your Lawn: Tool Box Design your own H/W board Standalone Lawn Mower Instruction Sets General Purpose Computing Machine Commercial CPUs (ARM, Motorola, Intel) Memory Systems Memory Hierarchy (Register, Cache, RAM, Storage) Internetworking Systems with Pipeline IP address, Router and Switch Setup with Packet tracer emulator Evaluation Method: Assignments (30 points) Written, Problem solving, Hand-on exercise Two mid-term tests (40 points) Final exam (20 points) Class presentations (10 points) Digital Logic Circuits and Gates AND operation Input Output A B F 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 OR operation Input Output A B F 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 XOR operation Input Output A B F 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 Number Systems · Decimal 10 numbers (0 to 9), digit · Binary 2 numbers (0 and 1), bit · Hexadecimal 16 numbers (0 to 15, or 0 to F), Hexa-digit Number conversion among these representations nCr = n!/(n-r)!r! 3C2 = 3!/(3-2)!2! = 3X2X1/1X2X1 = 3 cases · Decimal Binary · Binary Hexadecimal · Decimal Hexadecimal Binary Decimal _ If we have 1-bit binary number, we can have 21 = 2 numbers (0 ~ 1) 0 0 1 1 _ _ If we have 2-bit binary number, we can have 22 = 4 numbers (0 ~ 3) 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 3 _ _ _ If we have 3-bit binary number, we can have 23 = 8 numbers (0 ~ 7) 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 0 1 1 3 1 0 0 4 1 0 1 5 1 1 0 6 1 1 1 7 If we have 4-bit binary number, we can have 24 = 16 numbers (0 ~ 15) If we have 8-bit binary number, we can have 28 = 256 numbers (0 ~ 255) IP address (Binary number) 32-bit identifier to uniquely specify one computer systems in Internet _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 8-bit 8-bit 8-bit 8-bit (0 ~ 255) (0 ~ 255) (0 ~ 255) (0 ~ 255) 126.21.10.8 Correct IP address (O) 461.23.367.3 Not IP address (X) Minimum 00000000 0 Maximum 11111111 255 If we have 32-bit binary number, we can have 232 ≈ 4 billions World population ≈ 8 billions We need more than 8 billion IP addresses in the IP pool to cover all network-ready devices. Because we are in IoT (Internet of Things) era. Solutions 1) Extend IP address space to 128-bit IPv6 (2128 addresses) IPv4 32 bits Binary representation IPv6 128 bits Hexadecimal representation 2) NAT (Network Address Translation) Use IPv4 address with IPv6 address Home Gateway 192.168.1.18 192.168.1.1 (internal IPv4) 2303:6070:206:9b98:c4f9:67e8:f133:3ee3 (IPv6) 192.168.1.6 Binary to Decimal Conversion (Integer) If the number of the slot is “0”, _ _ _ _ 0 0 0 0 If the number of the slot is “1”, _ _ _ _ 23 22 21 20 Example) 1 0 0 22 + 0 + 0 = 4 + 0 + 0 = 4 1 0 1 22 + 0 + 20 = 4 + 0 + 1 = 5 1 1 0 22 + 21 + 0 = 4 + 2 + 0 = 6 1 1 1 22 + 21 + 20 = 4 + 2 + 1 = 7 11111111 27 + 26 + 25 + 24 + 23 + 22 + 21 + 20 = 128 + 64 + 32 + 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 255 1 0 1 0 23 + 0 + 21 + 0 = 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 10 1 0 1 0 1 24 + 0 + 22 + 0 + 20 = 16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1 = 21 Binary to Decimal Conversion (Fraction) 111.111 Binary to Decimal Conversion (Integer) If the binary number of the slot is 0, the corresponding decimal is also 0. If the binary number of the slot is 1, the corresponding decimal is as follows. _ _ _ _ 23 22 21 20 Example) 110 1X22 + 1X21 + 0X20 = 4 + 2 + 0