I have attached the assignment that I have already done but I received this message from my tutor and he told me I would fail with this if I submit it. I really need to pass this assignment in order to pass the unit.
Hi Amy I’ve just downloaded it, but noticed that you haven’t answered a number of questions. The graph questions that asked for you to add vertical lines to the page to section off phases or powers and then label, have not been done. Considering that you failed the first assessment, and without looking over your assessment 2 thoroughly, I’m concerned that you might be in danger of failing the unit. I’m happy to let you re-submit with all questions answered if you like. If you want to do this, please let me know and I’ll clear your first submission from the system.
Could the expert please go through and answer all my questions I didnt do, edit my current answers so they are better and also the graph questions that need fixing like stated above in my feedback from my tutor.
Thankyou
ASSIGNMENT COVER SHEET For use with online submission of assignments Please complete all of the following details and then make this sheet the first page of each file of your assignment – do not send it as a separate document. Your assignments must be submitted as either Word documents, text documents with .rtf extension or as .pdf documents. If you wish to submit in any other file format please discuss this with your lecturer well before the assignment submission date. Student Name: Amy Foster Student ID No.: 23692008 Unit Name: Applied Biomechanics Unit Code: BIO00324 Tutor’s name: John Whitting Assignment No.: Task 2 Assignment Title: Gait Data Analysis (‘Laboratory Manual Assessment’) Due date: Friday 2nd October, 9 pm Date submitted: Tuesday 15th September, 2020 Declaration: I have read and understand the Rules Relating to Awards (Rule 3 Section 18 – Academic Misconduct Including Plagiarism) as contained in the SCU Policy Library. I understand the penalties that apply for plagiarism and agree to be bound by these rules. The work I am submitting electronically is entirely my own work. Signed: (please type your name) Amy Foster Walking gait data analysis Total 40 marks Question 1 - Gait cycle & spatial, temporal & temporospatial descriptors. Table 1: Frame #’s and Y coordinates for the gait cycle of the right leg in the example walking data set. Event # Event description Frame # RHEE Y co-ord. [mm] # of frames to each event Gait cycle % 1 Foot (heel) strike 1 187 193.5 0 0 2 Foot flat (estimate) 199 NA 12 10.6 3 Opposite foot (toe) off (estimate) 200 NA 13 11.5 4 Foot (heel) off (est.) 216 NA 29 25.7 5 Opposite foot (heel) strike (estimate) 246 1092.8 59 52.2 6 Foot (toe) off 257 NA 70 61.9 7 Foot (heel) strike 2 300 1911.9 113 100 Question 1(a). How do these event and phase percentages compare to normal walking gait patterns? (2 marks) A gait cycle is referred to as a motions sequence or the interval of time that occurs between two consecutive initial contacts of the same foot. The events and their percentages are similar to the normal gait patterns. This is because they have approximately the same percentages with only a slight deviation. This makes the set similar to the normal walking gait set. A normal walking gait pattern has the values of the events given above as shown below: Event # Event description Gait cycle % 1 Foot (heel) strike 1 0 2 Foot flat (estimate) 10.6 3 Opposite foot (toe) off (estimate) 12 4 Foot (heel) off (est.) 25.7 5 Opposite foot (heel) strike (estimate) 50 6 Foot (toe) off 62 7 Foot (heel) strike 2 100 Question 1(b). Calculate the following gait parameters and show workings: i) stride length [cm], ii) step length [cm], iii) cadence [strides/min], iv) walking speed [m/min]. (4 marks) Stride length is the distance between successive points of initial contact of the same foot . Taking the first foot therefore; Stride length = 2* step length = 2* 70 = 140 cm Step length is the distance between the point of initial contact of one foot and the point of initial contact of the opposite foot. Step length = 257 - 187 = 70 cm Cadence is also referred to as the walking rate. Cadence = 199-12 = 187 strides/min Walking speed is the product of the cadence and step length Walking speed = 187 * (0.7) = 130.9 m/min Question 1(c). How do the spatial, temporal and temporospatial descriptors calculated in step 2 compare to averages for healthy adult gait at comfortable walking speeds? Is there any apparent asymmetry in any of these parameters (why)? (4 marks) The average walking stride length according to the university of Iowa is 60 inches which is approximately 152 cm. The value found is 140 cm which is near the average value for a healthy adult. There is a slight difference of 12 cm between the two values. The average walking step length according to the University of Iowa is 30 inches. This is approximately 76 cm. The stride length calculated is 70 cm. This value is near to the average value with a difference of 6 cm. The cadence calculated and the one for a normal adult are almost similar in value with a slight difference The walking speed calculated and that of a healthy adult also have a slight difference. Question 2 - Sagittal joint kinematics. a) Use vertical lines down the page & add labels to indicate stance & swing phases on these graphs. Also indicate mid-stance. NOTE: Ignore the numbers on the horizontal axis. These numbers are NOT percentages, but are simply frames. (4 marks) b) Describe how the knee joint is rotating throughout the gait cycle. (4 marks) In the open kinetic chain, during knee extension, tibia glides anteriorly on the femur. From 200 knee flexion to full extension, the tibia rotates externally. During knee flexion, tibia glides posteriorly on femur and from full knee extension to 200 flexion, tibia rotates internally. c) How does the ankle joint rotation differ to the ‘normal’ gait pattern presented in your lecture podcasts? (2 marks) The ankle allows the foot to move in six different ways. These include upwards, downwards, rocking back on heels with the balls of the feet elevated, raising the feet off the ground as you go up on the balls of the feet, and side to side movements. In a normal gait pattern, there is an extension of the knee so that the lower leg is swung forward with the foot flexed and raised upwards. This is a dorsal flexion or movement of the foot upwards just as in the ankle joint rotation. So this rotation is the one that is used in the normal gait pattern. Question 3 – Ground reaction forces. a) These are GRF traces normalized to body weight. Label them as vertical or anterior-posterior (A-P) GRF traces. NOTE: The scale of the vertical axes is ‘Body Weights’. (2 mark) b) Considering the ‘normal’ gait patterns presented in your lecture podcasts, comment on the magnitude of force in each peak in both graphs. Also comment on the trough in the second graph. (2 marks) The magnitude of the forces in the peaks are indexes of fluidity and smoothness of the stride. Since the second peak has a slightly lower magnitude than the first peak, the stride is less fluid and smooth than the first peak . The trough in the second graph shows a decrease in stride and it is also smooth. c) Do you think this person was slowing down or speeding up during stance? (2 marks) The person was slowing down during stance since the smoothness of the strides reduced. Question 4 – Knee & ankle kinematics, kinetics, EMG. a) For the 5 knee related graphs on the left and the 5 ankle related graphs on the right, use vertical lines down the page & add labels to indicate stance & swing phases on these graphs. Also indicate phases for power generation and absorption. NOTE: Ignore the numbers on the horizontal axis. These numbers are NOT percentages, but are simply frames. (6 marks) b) For each knee related muscle burst (VL & ST), explain the link between them and the angle, moment and power curves aligned vertically above them. (4 marks) Humans use ankle foot load afferents to modulate the amplitude and the timing of locomoter patterns in a phase dependent manner. Both ND and SCI substantially increase hip extension moments during stance. The human nervous system therefore uses ankle foot load afferents to regulate hip activity during gait. c) For each ankle related muscle burst (TA & MG), explain the link between them and the angle, moment and power curves aligned vertically above them. (4 marks) Sensory modulation of hip movements are a major determination of walking ability. Therefore, the regulatory role of ankle foot load afferents and hip movements modulation is the relating factor of the TA and MG and the curves alligned vertically above them. 1 Running Gait Data Analysis Total 30 marks Question 1 – ‘Heel’ strike versus ‘mid-foot’ strike. Table 2: Frame #’s and Y coordinates for one gait cycle of the left leg in the ‘heel’ strike (HS) and ‘flat-foot’ strike (FFS) example data sets. Event # Event Heel strike condition Flat-foot strike condition Frame # Heel Y co-ord [mm] # of frames Gait cycle % Frame # Heel Y co-ord [mm] # of frames Gait cycle % 1 Foot strike 102 375.3 0 0 197 366.2 0 0 2 Toe off 129 NA 27 35.1 222 NA 25 33.3 3 Foot Strike 179 3092.4 77 100 272 2847.7 75 100 Question 1(a). Do the gait cycle percentages for stance and swing confirm that this was running gait and why? (2marks) Yes they do confirm that it is a running gait because the gait cycle percentages in the above table correspond to the running gait stance and swing percentages. The stance phase is normally 62% of the cycle while the swing is normally 38% of the cycle. Question 1(b). Considering the initial contact (IC) angles (regions circled), which of these foot-angle traces is a heel strike and which is a flat-foot strike? Label the graphs correctly. (2 marks)IC IC Heel strike Flat foot strike Question 1(c). Heel strike (HS) vs. Forefoot strike (FFS) vertical ground reaction forces: Label each graph correctly as HS or FFS. Also label any active and passive peaks.(3 marks) Flat foot strike Heal strike Question 1(d). Briefly explain how and why these 2 vertical ground reaction force traces above, differ between the 2 foot strike conditions. (3 marks) The impact force on the ground is different depending on which part of the foot strikes the ground. The HS is greater than the FS force on the ground. This is because the heel strikes the ground with more impact than the flat foot Question 2 – Heel strike running knee mechanics. a) Add vertical lines down the page & add labels to indicate stance & swing phases on these graphs. Also indicate phases for power generation and absorption during stance. (4 marks) b) Describe the angular displacement and how it differs from ‘normal’ walking. Also, consider the role the knee plays in each task as either a ‘pendulum’ or as a ‘spring’. (3 marks) Angular displacement occurs where there are no external moments acting about