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Renal system worksheet 1. Is the diameter of the afferent arteriole larger or smaller than the diameter of the efferent arteriole? State how this affects glomerular pressure. See PowerPoint slides ‘Regulation of filtration in the Kidneys’ (slide 5). 2. Explain the three forces that contribute to the net glomerular filtration pressure, including the direction of movement of fluid (inwards to the blood capillaries, or outwards the filtrate) for each of the forces. See PowerPoint slides ‘Regulation of filtration in the Kidneys’ (slides 5, 6, 7, 8). 3. Explain why the kidney needs to maintain a consistent filtration pressure. See PowerPoint slides ‘Regulation of filtration in the Kidneys’ (slide 9). 4. Name the two main types of diuretics, and briefly explain how these diuretics exert their actions. See PowerPoint slides ‘Kidneys and regulation of fluid excretion’ (slides 12, 13). 5. What is pyelonephritis? Explain the causes and describe the signs/symptoms of pyelonephritis. Name the bacterium that is most often associated with urinary tract infections and explain the usual treatment of the infection. Outline the possible consequences of untreated pyelonephritis. See PowerPoint slides on ‘Urinary tract infections’. ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE: Definition of ‘pyelonephritis’. Type of infection (i.e. causative agent) and how it gets into the body. Description of symptoms. But also describe additional serious signs/symptoms or complications when upper urinary tract infected (see slide 6). Identify drug treatment and route of administration (see slide 7). Explain possible serious consequences of untreated pyelonephritis (see slide 6). 6. Explain the role of the renin-angiotensin–aldosterone pathway in restoring blood pressure and fluid balance. Include the stimulus for release, the pathway that is involved, and the physiological effects of angiotensin II and aldosterone. See PowerPoint slides ‘Kidneys and regulation of fluid excretion’ (slides 9, 10). 7. Explain what ACE stands for, and how ACE inhibitors affect blood pressure. See PowerPoint slides ‘Kidneys and regulation of fluid excretion’ (slide 11, 12). 8. Describe the roles of antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone in the regulation of fluid excretion. See PowerPoint slides ‘Kidneys and regulation of fluid excretion’ (slides 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). 9. What is chronic kidney disease? Explain the causes and describe the signs/symptoms of chronic kidney disease. Outline the management of chronic kidney disease. See PowerPoint slides on ‘Chronic kidney disease and prostate cancer’ ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE: Explanation of CKD pathophysiology (see slide no.4, 9) Causes (see slides no. 5, 7) Signs & symptoms (see slide no.11,13,17) Management (see slide no. 18-22) 10. What is cystitis? Describe i) the causes of ii) signs and symptoms of urinary tract infections. Why does if tend to affect women more than men? Give the name of the drug that is most commonly used to treat cystitis. See PowerPoint slides on ‘Urinary tract infections’. ANSWER SHOULD INCLUDE: Give definition of ‘cystitis’ (see slide 5). Type of infection (i.e. causative agent) and how it gets into the body (see slide 2). Description of symptoms i.e. usual UTI symptoms (see slide 4). Women more risk of cystitis – i.e. explain position and length of urethras (see slide 2). Identify drug treatment and route of administration (see slide 7). Respiratory system worksheet answer guide 1. Which term is used to describe high blood carbon dioxide? (See slide 17 of ‘Respiratory system: regulation of breathing’ lecture). 2. Where are the receptors that detect changes in blood gases situated, and what are they called? Identify both central and peripheral receptors. (See slide 10, 11 of ‘Respiratory system: regulation of breathing’ lecture). 3. Where is the main respiratory control centre situated? (N.B. ‘pons’ isn’t the ‘main’ control centre). (See slide 13, 14 of ‘Respiratory system: regulation of breathing’ lecture). 4. What is the main stimulus that drives respiration? Levels of which gas in blood? (See slide 9 of ‘Respiratory system: regulation of breathing’ lecture). 5. Name a beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2 adrenoreceptor) agonist drug and explain its effects in the lungs. Include the following: Name of drug? What type of receptor does drug bind to? (Name them). What happens in the lung when the drug binds to the receptor? How does this help in ventilation? (See slides 7, 9, 10 of ‘Asthma’ lecture). 6. Briefly explain what COPD/Obstructive Airway disorder (OAD) is and name two types of COPD/OAD. Explain in your OWN WORDS – no cut-and- paste! Identify 2 Types. (See slides 4, 5 of Respiratory illnesses COPD & pneumonia’ lecture). 7. How do the effects of Salbutamol and beclometasone differ? Salbutamol – how does it work? What does it do to the lung? (See your answer to Q.5) Beclometasone – what type/class of drug is it? What effects does it have? Why is it used in addition to salbutamol? (See slide 10 of ‘Asthma’ lecture). 8. Describe in detail the negative feedback mechanism that regulates respiration. Include the following: Respiratory system response to a change in blood gasses (e.g. pCO2 rises): Name and location of receptors Name and location of control centre in CNS Efferent pathway – how signal is sent to effectors. Names and locations of effectors How effectors bring about change (See slides 7, 8, 11, 13, 15, 18 of ‘Respiratory system: regulation of breathing’ lecture). 9. Explain and compare the pathological changes that occur in emphysema and chronic bronchitis. (See slides 6 - 13 of ‘Respiratory illnesses COPD & pneumonia’ lecture). 10.Outline the management of emphysema and chronic bronchitis. (See video - COPD (Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease) Nursing Interventions Management Treatment) 11.Explain how carbon dioxide is transported in the blood, including an explanation of the role of bicarbonate in controlling pH. Include the following: What are the 3 methods of transport? Include description of the process by which hydrogen ions are buffered by conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate, and where this happens (i.e. does this occur in the plasma, or in the RBCs?). What happens to the hydrogen ions? How does this affect pH of blood? What happens to the bicarbonate? (See slides 7-10 of ‘Carbon dioxide transport’ lecture). 12.Explain the pathological changes that occur in asthma and describe the symptoms of an asthma attack. Include the following: Explanation of pathophysiology (i.e. outline pathological changes seen in asthma). Describe the signs & symptoms. (See slides 3 - 6 of ‘Asthma’ lecture, also see asthma videos). Nervous system worksheet (answer guide) 1. What is the myelin sheath and what is its function? Answer should include: Location and names of types of cells that produce it and what it does. (SEE: ‘Multiple sclerosis’ slides 3, 5. SEE: ‘Chemical Transmission’ slide 15). 2. Describe the events that occur during the action potential. Answer should include: Explanation of how resting membrane potential works and which ions inside/outside. (SEE: Action potential slides 12, 13, 14). Explanation of how depolarisation of membrane occurs, and which ions move in/how they move in. (SEE: Action potential slides 16, 17, 18, 22). Explanation of ‘threshold’. (SEE: Action potential slide 23, 24). Explanation of repolarisation and which ions move out and how they move out. (SEE: Action potential slide 19, 22). Explanation of hyperpolarisation and how it is corrected. (SEE: Action potential slides 21, 20). (State membrane potential in mV during each stage). 3. Explain the events that occur when the action potential reaches the axon terminal. What is the name given to this type of nerve signal transmission? Answer should include: Explanation of what happens when electrical signal (AP) reaches axon terminal (SEE: ‘Chemical Transmission’ slides 4, 5, 6). Explanation of which channels open and which ions enter cell. (SEE: ‘Chemical Transmission’ slides 7, 8). Explanation of how neurotransmitter is released, and where it goes. (SEE: ‘Chemical Transmission’ slides 8, 9). Explanation of effect on post-synaptic cell. (SEE: ‘Chemical Transmission’ slides 9, 12, 13). Name of this type of transmission. (SEE: ‘Chemical Transmission’ slide 1). 4. Explain what would happen if the pre-synaptic calcium channels were blocked by a drug or other ligand (N.B a ‘ligand’ is any molecule that binds to a cell membrane receptor). Answer should include: Explanation of what would happen if events in Q.3 were blocked. (SEE: ‘Chemical Transmission’ slide 16). 5. What is multiple sclerosis (MS)? Describe its effects on the nervous system, including an outline of the signs and symptoms. Answer should include: Explanation of MS/ how it occurs. (SEE: ‘Multiple sclerosis’ slides 8, 9, 10). Full explanation of body system affected and explanation of signs/symptoms that occur. (SEE: ‘Multiple sclerosis’ slides 16 ,17). Explanation of how disease progresses. (SEE: ‘Multiple sclerosis’ slides 23 - 30). 6. Outline the management of multiple sclerosis. Answer should include: Full explanation of drugs/medicines and other possible treatment options. (SEE: ‘Multiple sclerosis’ slides 31-34). 7. What is a Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)? Answer should include: Explanation of what happens to brain cells and the consequences of the event. (SEE: ‘Stroke’ slide 3). 8. Outline the two main types of stroke and explain what happens in each. Answer should include: Full explanation of how each type occurs and what each is called. (SEE: ‘Stroke’ slides 4, 8, 9, 21, 22, 23). 9. Compare and contrast the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system. Answer should include: Explanation of which each branch does (including full explanation of ‘fight or flight’ response and full explanation of ‘rest and digest’ response). (SEE: ‘ANS and stress response’ slides 9, 10, 17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27). 10. Outline some approaches to management of stress. Answer should include: Brief explanation of theory behind drug treatment, types of medicines used, and outline of other possible (non-pharmaceutical) approaches. (SEE: ‘ANS and stress response’ slides 36 - 39). Endocrine system test answer guide SHORT QUESTIONS: 1. List three functions of calcium in the body. Give