I need a abstract for a project paper which is of two to three pages of writing from the project papers that I have provided.

I need a abstract for a project paper which is of two to three pages of writing from the project papers that I have provided.


Implementation of Convolutional encoder and Viterbi decoder using Verilog HDL Figure 1. Convolutional encoder and Viterbi decoder Figure 2. Constraint length (K)=7, code rate (r)=1/2 convolutional encoder. Implementation of Convolutional Encoder and Viterbi Decoder using Verilog HDL V.Kavinilavu1, S. Salivahanan, V. S. Kanchana Bhaaskaran2, Samiappa Sakthikumaran, B. Brindha and C. Vinoth SSN College of Engineering, Kalavakkam, Rajiv Gandhi Salai, (Off) Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India Email: [email protected] Abstract— A Viterbi decoder uses the Viterbi algorithm for decoding a bit stream that has been encoded using Forward error correction based on a Convolutional code. The maximum likelihood detection of a digital stream is possible by Viterbi algorithm. In this paper, we present a Convolutional encoder and Viterbi decoder with a constraint length of 7 and code rate of 1/2. This is realized using Verilog HDL. It is simulated and synthesized using Modelsim PE 10.0e and Xilinx 12.4i. Keywords-Convolutional encoder, Viterbi decoder, Verilog HDL, Viterbi Algorithm. I. INTRODUCTION Convolutional coding is a coding scheme used in communication systems including deep space communications and wireless communications. It provides an alternative approach to block codes for transmission over a noisy channel. The block codes can be applied only for the block of data. The convolutional coding has an advantage over the block codes in that it can be applied to a continuous data stream as well as to blocks of data. IS-95, a wireless digital cellular standard for CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), employs convolutional coding. A third generation wireless cellular standard, under preparation, plans to adopt turbo coding, which stems from the convolutional coding. The Viterbi decoding algorithm was proposed and analyzed by Viterbi in 1967 [1]. It is widely used as a decoding technique for convolutional codes as well as the bit detection method in storage devices. Viterbi decoders currently find their use in more than one billion cell phones. The algorithm works by forming trellis structure, which is eventually traced back for decoding the received information. Convolutional encoding with Viterbi decoding is a powerful method for forward error correction. The Viterbi algorithm essentially performs maximum likelihood decoding. However, it reduces the computational complexity by using trellis structure. Figure 1 shows the convolutional encoder and Viterbi decoder, which is used in the digital communication system. Here, X is the input data steam, which is given into the convolutional encoder and it produces the encoded data stream (Y). The encoded data stream (Y) is given to the channel in the presence of noise. Hence, it produces the noise added encoded data stream (R). Finally, data stream (R) is given to the Viterbi decoder that produces the estimated data stream (Z) applied at the input. II. CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODER Convolutional codes are very suitable to protecting the digital data transmission from random errors due to any noise source. It achieves error free transmission by adding sufficient redundancy to the source symbols. Convolutional codes are usually described using two parameters: the code rate and the constraint length. The code rate is expressed as a ratio of number of input symbols (k) into the channel encoder to the number of output symbols (n) by the channel encoder in a given cycle. Then, the code rate is expressed as, r = k/n bits/symbol The constraint length (K) denotes the length of the convolutional encoder. Convolutional encoder increases the length of the message sequence by adding redundant bits in order to increase the likelihood of detecting the transmitted sequence even if errors have occurred during transmission. Figure 2 shows the convolutional encoder of constraint length (K) = 7 and code rate (r) = 1/2. A convolutional encoder generates redundant bits by using modulo-2 convolutions. Hence, it is called as Convolutional encoder. If n modulo-2 adders are used, then it produces n outputs for each bit. The motivation of this paper is to realize a Viterbi decoder having Constraint length 7 and code rate 1/2 by using Modelsim 10.0e and Xilinx 12.4i tools. 297 ___________________________________ 978-1-4244 -8679-3/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE Figure 3. State diagram of Convolutional encoder Figure 4. Hard decision Viterbi decoding trellis diagram Figure 5. Block diagram of Viterbi decoder Figure 3 shows the state information of a convolutional encoder. In the state diagram, the state information of the convolutional encoder is shown in circles. Then, it is stored in the shift registers. Each new input information bit causes a transition from one state to another. The path information between the states has been denoted as x/c. Here, x represents the input information bits and c represents the output encoded bits. It is customary to begin convolutional encoding from the all zero state. For example, the input information sequence x={1011} (begin from the all zero state) leads to the state transition sequence s={10, 01, 10, 11} and produces the output encoded sequence c={11, 10, 00, 01}. Figure 3 shows the path taken through the state diagram for the given example. III. VITERBI ALGORITHM The Viterbi algorithm has been known as a maximum likelihood decoding algorithm for convolutional codes. Let us consider a simple example for illustrating the principle of Viterbi algorithm. Assume that a car that has 3 states forward, stop and reverse with the condition that a transition from forward to reverse is not allowed. In other words, it implies that the car first enter the stop state and then enter the reverse state. Hence, when we receive the information through the processes of forward, reverse and stop, we can safely interpret it as – forward, stop and reverse as this is a “maximum likelihood sequence”. The Viterbi algorithm uses the trellis diagram to compute the path metric value (accumulated distance) from the received sequence to the possible transmitted sequences. The total number of such trellis paths increases exponentially with the number of stages in the trellis. It causes potential complexity and memory problems. The Viterbi decoding algorithm has been classified into hard decision decoding and soft decision decoding. If the received signal is converted into two levels, either zero or one, it is called hard decision. If the input signal is quantized and processed for more than two levels, it is called soft decision. The soft decision decoding is expensive and require large amount of memory than hard decision decoding. Hence, this work focuses on the hard decision decoding. Figure 4 shows the trellis diagram for hard decision Viterbi decoding. When a sequence of data is received from the channel, it is desirable to estimate the original sequence that has been sent. The process of identifying such a sequence can be done using a diagram called ‘trellis’, which is shown in fig. 4. The detection of the original stream can be described as finding the most probable path through the trellis. In the trellis diagram each node specifies an individual state at a given time and indicates a possible pattern of recently received data bits. The transition to a new state at the next timing cycle is indicated by each branch. IV. VITERBI DECODER Viterbi algorithm is used in the Viterbi decoder for decoding a bit stream that has been encoded using FEC based on a Convolutional code. Figure 5 shows the block diagram of Viterbi decoder [3]. It consists of the following functional units, namely, Branch Metric Unit, Path Metric Unit, Survivor Memory unit. A. Branch Metric Unit The comparison between received code symbol and expected code symbol is done by branch metric unit. It also counts the number of differing bits. It is the smallest unit in the Viterbi decoder. The measured value of the BMU can be the Hamming distance in case of the hard input decoding or the Euclidean distance in case of the soft input decoding [4]. B. Path Metric Unit The partial path metric of each branch is computed by the use of two adders. The partial path metric is compared by the comparator and an appropriate branch is selected by the selector. The selector selects the smaller value and stored 298 Figure 6. Design flow of Viterbi decoder Figure 7. Simulation result of Convolutional encoder TABLE I. DEVICE UTILIZATION SUMMARY OF THE CONVOLUTIONAL ENCODER that value as the new path metric for each state. The corresponding bit decision is transferred to the SMU [4]. C. Survivor Memory Unit The Survivor Memory Unit receives the bit decision from the PMU. This will produces the decoded sequence. After finishing the SMU, it is important to perform the trace back module. When the trellis diagram is finished, the trace-back module will search the maximum likelihood path from the final state which is state0 to the beginning state which is state0. Each time, the trace-back block just left shifts one bit of the binary state number and add one bit from the survivor path metric to compute the previous state. It stores the path information in the form of an array of recursive pointers. By doing this, the most likelihood path is found. V. IMPLEMENTATION The Convolutional encoder and Viterbi decoder are implemented using Verilog HDL and the code has been developed under full-custom design. This implementation is complicated when using Verilog HDL compared to VHDL [2]. The Convolutional encoder encodes the given input sequence by modulo-2 adders. The operation is shown in fig. 2
May 23, 2022
SOLUTION.PDF

Get Answer To This Question

Related Questions & Answers

More Questions »

Submit New Assignment

Copy and Paste Your Assignment Here