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Chapter 1 Introduction Summary · Internet - · Host, End System · Client, server · ISP · Internet standards · IETF · RFC · Protocol · Network structure · Network edge · End systems (Hosts) · Access networks (Home access, Enterprise access, Wireless access) · DSL access net. · Voice and data · Dedicated line · Asymmetric speed · ex. telephone networks · Cable access net. · Video and data · Shared line · Asymmetric speed · Frequency division multiplexing (FDM) · ex. cable networks · data · Ethernet access net. · Wireless access net. · Physical media · Guided media · Twisted pair (TP) copper wire · Coaxial cable · Fiber optic cable · Unguided media · Radio links · Terrestrial radio · Wireless LAN (IEEE 802.11) · Wide-area wireless · Satellite radio · Geostationary satellites · Low earth orbiting (LEO) satellites · Network core · Packet switching · Shared resources · Store-and-forward transmission · Routing protocol · Forwarding table · Transmission rate (or link capacity, or link bandwidth) · L / R · Queuing delay and packet loss · · Packet switching vs Circuit switching · Network (Internet) structure (network of networks) · Customer and provider · Access ISP · Regional ISP · Global ISP (Tier-1 ISP) · Content-provider networks · IXP · Peering · Multi-homing · PoP · Delay, Loss, throughput in packet-switched networks · Delay · Processing delay · Queuing delay · Transmission delay · Propagation delay · Packet loss (due to queuing delay) · Throughput · Instantaneous throughput · Average throughput · Bottleneck · Throughput (bps) vs transmission rate (bps) · Protocol layers · Internet protocol stack · Application layer · Transport layer · Network layer · Link layer · Physical layer · ISO/OSI reference model · Encapsulation · Application-layer message · Transport-layer segment · Network-layer datagram · Link-layer frame · Header field vs payload field · Network security · Malware · Virus · Worm · Self-replicating · Spyware malware · Botnet · DoS, DDoS · Packet sniffer · IP spoofing Chapter 2 Application Layer Summary · Application architectures · client-server · server · client · peer-to-peer (P2P) · self-scalability · cost-effective · complex management · hybrid architectures · Process · Sockets · Identifiers · IP address · Port numbers · Application-layer protocol defines · types of messages · message syntax · message semantics · rules · open protocols · proprietary protocols · Transport-layer protocol defines · data integrity · reliable data transfer · timing · throughput · Transport-layer protocol · TCP · reliable transport · flow control · congestion control · connection-oriented · examples: · UDP · unreliable data transfer · examples: · Securing TCP · SSL · Bottleneck · HTTP · client-server model · TCP · Stateless · connections · non-persistent HTTP · RTT · persistent HTTP · RTT · default mode of HTTP · messages · HTTP request message · commands (HTTP/1.0 and HTTP/1.1) · GET · POST · HEAD · URL method · PUT · DELETE · general format (request line, header lines, body) · HTTP response message · status line · status code: 200 OK, 404 Not Found · header lines · Date, Last-Modified, Connection · entity body · Cookies (user-server state) · used for: authorization, shopping carts, recommendations, user session state · four components · cookie header line of HTTP response message · cookie header line in next HTTP request message · cookie file kept on user’s host · cookie file kept on back-end database at Web site · Web caches (proxy server) · satisfy client request without involving origin server · advantages · Conditional GET · Virus · Worm · Email · Three major components · user agents · mail servers · SMTP · SMTP · SMTP client · SMTP server · three phases of transfer · persistent connections · SMTP vs HTTP · Mail access protocols · HTTP · POP · authorization phase, transaction phase, update phase · download-and-delete mode, download-and-keep mode · cannot create remote folders · IMAP · can create/organize messages in folders · DNS · hostname, IP address · distributed database · application-layer protocol · services: host aliasing, mail server aliasing, load distribution · distributed, hierarchical database · root DNS servers · top-domain (TLD) DNS servers · authoritative DNS servers · Local DNS name server · iterated query, recursive query · caching, updating · DNS resource records (RR) · RR format: (name, value, type, ttl) · type=A · type=NS · type=CNAME · type=MX · inserting (DNS registrar) · DNS attack types · DDoS attacks · redirect attacks · · P2P · BitTorrent · chunks, trackers, torrent, churn · request chunks · rarest first technique · send chunks · tit-for-tat · video streaming · DASH · server · multiple chunks, manifest file · client · intelligence at client (determines when, what, where) · CDN · two different server placement schemes · enter deep · many ‘smaller’ CDN servers, distributed at larger number of sites · bring home · less ‘larger’ CDN servers, distributed at smaller number of sites · CDN operation · CDN cluster selection strategies · geographically closet · real-time measurements