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Title: Summaries of Chapters
Contents
Summaries of Chapters 12 and 13    3
Summaries of Chapters 14 and 15    4
Summary of Chapter 17    5
Summary of Chapter 18    6
Summary of Chapter 19    7
Work Cited    8
Summaries of Chapters 12 and 13
The fifteenth century in history is one of the crucial eras where different types of societies starting evolving. This was the time much before the industrial revolution, where the societies mostly comprised of hunters and gatherers. Evidence shows that the fifteenth century had traces of Paleolithic persistence in the society of North America and Australia. Despite the cultural and social developments that were perceived through their village settlements and economic specialization, the gathering and hunting way of life persisted. However, gradually there was the social transformation, which was evident in certain agricultural villages like Igbo and Iroquois where the rise in the political condition and incorporation of new social stature were observed. This also highlights the initiation of the agricultural revolution, where villages had farming communities indulging in agriculture (Strayer and Nelson).
Some of the villages known for initiating the agricultural revolution includes Rome, Mesopotamia, India, Egypt and China. The fifteenth-century also carries evidence of developing civilization. There were societies that were state centered as well as city centered. These societies were density populated that grew powerful with time. One such civilization was the Ming Dynasty in China. However, one of the most important aspects that evolved during this fifteenth century is the maritime expeditions that were conducted by the Chinese traders. The fifteenth century is also led to the initiation of the modern era where there were different artist and writers emerged.
Following the examples set by the Chinese traders, the European started launching maritime expeditions. The Islamic states like the Ottoman Empire emerged followed by the rule of the Mughal Empire and Songhai in the Asian and African countries. The rule of the various Islamic empires reflected political coherence and development in terms of cultural brilliance, prosperity in economy and development in the military power. Hence, the political transformations were observed in Inca and Aztec empires as well as the Americas.
Summaries of Chapters 14 and 15
The era between the years 1450 and 1750 marked two major transformations in global history. These were the economic transformation and cultural transformation. Commerce had flourished in between the European countries and Asia much before when the European had established their trade network with East Africa and China. Massive transport of spices, silk, medicinal herbs and precious stones were exported. Further, the Portuguese were also observed to have participated in building their commerce and developing different communities. Other countries that developed their trade relation and grew commercially were the Philippines and Spain.
In the history of economic transformation, one such company that gained supremacy globally was the East India Company that overtook the trade network that was followed by the Portuguese. The...