i upload the image there is everything about assignment . its nursing but due date is tomorrow night could you please update me soon thanks

1 answer below »
i upload the image there is everything about assignment . its nursing but due date is tomorrow night could you please update me soon thanks
Answered Same DayApr 10, 2021

Answer To: i upload the image there is everything about assignment . its nursing but due date is tomorrow night...

Soumi answered on Apr 10 2021
136 Votes
Running Head: CASE STUDY OF CATHERINE                        1
CASE STUDY OF CATHERINE                                 7
CASE STUDY OF CATHERINE
Table of Contents
Q1. Pathogenesis of Invasive Ductal Breast    3
Q2. How Administration of Morphine Alters Conscious Perception of Pain    4
Q3. Pathogenesis of Lymphoedema for Women Undergoing Axillary Lymph Node
Removal during Breast Cancer Surgery    5
References    8
Q1. Pathogenesis of Invasive Ductal Breast
Breast cancer is one of the commonest forms of cancer and is largely responsible for mortality in women worldwide. As quoted by Adrienne et al. (2019), 250,000 cases of breast cancer were diagnosed in the United States in the year 2019. In this particular case study, Catherine was diagnosed with invasive ductal breast carcinoma stage II A upon an ultrasound. Upon investigation, the doctor found a palpable lump in her right breast.
It is understood that the characteristic of an invasive ductal carcinoma shows a discrete mass inside the breast tissue having a scar like appearance when observed pathologically. Based on the type of cellular origin involved breast cancer can be largely classified into carcinomas and sarcomas
According to Yi Sheng Sun et al. (2017), BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the two anti- oncogenes that are famous for breast cancer risk. They are both located on chromosomes 17q21 and 13q12. The risk of contracting breast carcinoma is greatly increased when an individual inherits deleterious mutations in either of the genes. About 20-25% of hereditary breast cancers are caused by mutations in BRCA1/2 genes.
Human epidermal growth (HER2) growth factor receptor 2 is another important breast oncogene and is located on the long arm of human chromosome 17. About 20% of primary breast cancers highlight an overexpression of this gene. Other than this, c-Myc is another oncogene located on long arm of chromosome 8 and IT is detected in high grade as well as invasive stage of breast cancer.
According to Scholl and Flanagan (2020), breast carcinomas are categorized into three subtypes based on the tumour expressions of ER and HER2. These three subtypes are ER positive/HER2negative, HER2 positive and ER negative/HER2 negative. All these tumours are characterized by a different pathogenesis and have a unique treatment and prognosis.
The DCIS (ductal carcinoma in situ) is classified with respect to its cytological features into low grade and high-grade carcinomas. This type of cancer develops inside pre-existing normal ducts and is a type of non-invasive cancer. Invasive or infiltrating breast cancer is another type of cancer that has an ability to invade the breast lobules and ducts to grow in surrounding breast stromal tissue as highlighted by Feng et al. (2018).
Invasive ductal carcinoma (ILC) is the most common type of carcinoma and constitutes up to 80% of the total breast carcinomas. On the other hand, Invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) is the second most common type of carcinomas that is accountable for 10-15% women and tends to affect women in later ages example in the early 60s.
Metastatic breast cancer also called as advanced breast cancer or stage IV cancer occurs at late stage when they have invaded...
SOLUTION.PDF

Answer To This Question Is Available To Download

Related Questions & Answers

More Questions »

Submit New Assignment

Copy and Paste Your Assignment Here