Instructions: This assignment has two parts. PART 1 involves reading three research articles, and...

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Instructions: This assignment has two parts. PART 1 involves reading three research articles, and applying what you have learned about epidemiological measures and study design to answer a series of short answer questions. PART 2 requires you to consider several health issues and decide the most appropriate study design for investigating that health issue. Students are to log in to their Blackboard account and complete the assignment in the prescribed link on the Blackboard page. PART 1 The Whitehall study is a ground-breaking longitudinal (prospective cohort) study that clearly demonstrated the association between social determinants of health (the social gradient) and morbidity and mortality (cardiovascular disease) in a population of British civil servants (Breeze et al., 2001; Chandola et al., 2008; Marmot et al., 1978). You can find these articles under the tab Assessment 2 and in this brief. Read these papers and answer the following questions. 1. What is the sampling frame for each phase of the Whitehall study (Whitehall I and II)? Marmot et al,1978 is the Whitehall I, Breeze and Chandola et al papers refers to Whitehall II( 5 marks) 2. How was disease risk assessed (both in data collection and analysis) in each of the three studies and why? (15 marks) 3. To what extent can the results of each of the three studies be generalised to other populations (include reasons for your answer)? (10 marks) 4. Would it be feasible to conduct a similar study in Australia using an existing cohort such as the 45 and up study cohort or the Australian Women’s longitudinal study cohort? Why or why not? (20 marks) PART 2 For each of the following scenarios identify the best study design to explore each health issue and explain your reason for choosing this study design. Include an explanation of advantages and disadvantages of using the selected study design and include ethical considerations. Support your reasons with justification and referenced examples of a research study. 1. Causal relationship between smoking and coronary heart disease (10 marks) 2. Association between overweight, obesity and osteoarthritis of the knee (10 marks) 3. Long term effects of detention on the mental and physical health of asylum seekers (10 marks)4. Relationship between folate supplementation during pregnancy and development of autism in offspring (10 marks) 5. Testing and comparing the effectiveness of two different types of exercise programs to prevent falls in older adults (10 marks)

Abhishek · Accepted Answer

Running Head: HEALTHCARE								1
HEALTHCARE										3
HEALTHCARE
Table of Contents
Part 1	4
1. Sampling Frame of the Studies	4
Marmot et al. 1978	4
Breeze et al. 2001	4
Chandola et al. 2008	4
2. Assessment of Disease Risk in the Studies	4
Marmot et al. 1978	4
Breeze et al. 2001	5
Chandola et al. 2008	5
3. Generalisation of the Results in the Studies	5
Marmot et al. 1978	5
Breeze et al. 2001	5
Chandola et al. 2008	6
4. Feasibility to Conduct a Similar Study in Australia	6
Marmot et al. 1978	6
Breeze et al. 2001	6
Chandola et al. 2008	6
Part 2	7
1. Causal Relationship between Smoking and Coronary Heart Disease	7
2. Association between Overweight, Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease	7
3. Long Term Effects of Detention on Mental and Physical Health of Asylum Seekers	7
4. Relationship between Folate Supplementation during Pregnancy and Development of Autism in Offspring	7
5. Testing and Comparing Effectiveness of Two Types of Exercise Programs to Prevent Falls in Older Adults	8
References	9
Part 1
1. Sampling Frame of the Studies
Marmot et al. 1978
In this study, the total number of participants was 18403 men who were included in the initial screening for the research. The sample frame for the research included men who belonged to different professions. These included men from different grades including professional grades, administrative grades, executive and clerical grades (Marmot, Rose, Shipley & Hamilton, 1978). Furthermore, other lower grade men in different professions were also included in the research. 
Breeze et al. 2001
In this study, the total number of participants was 19029 men who were used as participants in the first Whitehall research. The basic sample frame for this research included the individuals that had cars and had been engaged in different habits in their daily life. Furthermore, the leisure activities of the participants were also included in this study (Breeze et al. 2001). 
Chandola et al. 2008
In this study, an aggregate of 10308 participants were included. The basic sample frame of this study was that the participants from 20 different civil service departments were included in this research (Chandola et al. 2008).
2. Assessment of Disease Risk in the Studies
Marmot et al. 1978
	In this study, survey questionnaires were used in order to assess the health condition of the participants in order to ensure their instances of their smoking history and evident respiratory symptoms. Furthermore,

Instructions: This assignment has two parts. PART 1 involves reading three research articles, and applying what you have learned about epidemiological measures and study design to answer a series of...

Answer To: Instructions: This assignment has two parts. PART 1 involves reading three research articles, and...

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