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SCIE1000/1100 Semester 1, 2019: Python and Communication Assignment 1 A scenario A newly created public science museum is to open in St Lucia. A feature of the museum is that each exhibit item is accompanied by three explanations, each written for a different audience. One explanation is pitched to the “rookie scientist,” another to the “seasoned scientist”, and a third to the “grizzled scientist.” Patrons read the explanation tailored to the level at which they feel most comfortable. Some characteristics of a typical audience member in each category are described in Figure 1. Category of Scientist Typical characteristics Rookie Usually undertaking primary or early secondary schooling; easily distracted; will not read more than a few simple sentences at a time; will need terminology explained using a simple vocabulary; unfamiliar with graphs; likes to press buttons. Seasoned Usually undertaking or recently completed secondary schooling; will read sentences of moderate complexity; will need terminology explained using a somewhat sophisticated, but not technical, vocabulary; familiar with graphs; likes to press buttons. Grizzled Usually has completed secondary schooling, perhaps quite some time ago, and some specialised science training; prepared to read longer passages of moderate complexity; will understand common scientific terminology; familiar with graphs; likes to press buttons. Figure 1: Characteristics of a typical patron in each category The museum is planning an exhibition called “Mother Nature, the Mother of Invention.” The topic is biomimicry, and the aim is summarized in the following passage from the exhibition prospectus: With this exhibition we aim to engender in our patrons a sense of wonder at the super-human abilities displayed by animals, and to demonstrate how humans can acquire super-human powers through technology which copies from nature. Patrons will marvel at the complexity involved in the “computations” that animals perform intuitively, and the human cleverness involved in developing technologies which mimic natural abilities. One of the super-human abilities to feature in the exhibition is echolocation, and the featured technology through which humans have acquired this power is called active sonar. The museum director has asked the SCIE1000/1100 teaching team for help in finding skilled volunteers to develop exhibit items. Once developed, the items will be maintained and potentially modified by museum staff, each of whom has a strong background in high-school mathematics, together with at least a beginners level of Python experience. We assured the director that SCIE1000 students are skilled at: making mathematical models using a mathematical toolkit familiar to any student of Maths B (or equivalent); writing Python programs, including those which use arrays, loops, plots and new functions; and communicating scientific information to various audiences. Based on this boasting by the SCIE1000/1100 teaching team, you have been asked to develop an exhibit item. You will develop an interactive (command-line) Python program which engenders in museum patrons a sense of wonder at the Sperm Whale’s ability to judge the distance to an object in the ocean using echolocation. 1 2 An overview of the task In this assignment you will construct a model of echolocation from three other models, one which predicts the speed of sound in seawater given certain parameters, another which predicts the salinity of the ocean at different latitudes, and another which predicts the temperature of the ocean in summer at different depths and latitudes. These models are described in Section 4 of this document. You will write an interactive Python program to perform calculations concerning the model of echolocation. Your program will extend the template provided in Section 5, and follow the logical flow laid out in the flow chart provided in Section 5. You will document your code with comments so that it can be easily maintained and extended by anyone with a strong background in high-school mathematics and a beginner’s level of Python experience. You will provide sample output produced by running your code so that museum staff know what to expect when it runs, and can believe that you have delivered code that meets the specifications. In summary, this assignment requires you to produce and deliver two items: (D1) A file containing a well-documented interactive Python program. A detailed list of program requirements is pro- vided in Section 5 of this document. (D2) A file containing sample output generated by running your program. A detailed description of what is required is provided in Section 6 of this document. A rubric (marking criteria) for this assignment will be posted on blackboard. All deliverables are to be uploaded via blackboard by noon on 23 May, 2019. Consult Section 5.3 of the Electronic Course Profile for more information concerning late submissions. 3 About getting help This assignment is a piece of summative assessment. It is designed to let you demonstrate your level of mastery of several learning objectives in this course. As such, it is very important that the work you submit is all your own. This does not mean that you cannot receive help in regards to this assignment, but that help must be limited. There will be no tutorial time allocated to working on your assignment. You can use MyPyTutor, available through Blackboard, to practice and learn Python concepts. Your teaching team, the SLC tutors, your classmates, your friends, and anyone else for that matter, can answer as many general questions about Python and modelling as you care to ask. They can even help you understand what particular error messages may mean. They should not, however, tell you what to write or correct your code. You should type or create every character in the files you submit. Your teaching team and tutors will not answer questions about the nature of the task, or elaborate on the requirements, in person. Any questions you have about the assignment task should be posted on the course Piazza site. This is the only place where you can receive authoritative answers to questions. In this way, all students will have access to the same information. Sometimes the answer to a question on Piazza will be “See the assignment task sheet.” Such an answer is not intended to be grumpy, but to avoid restating information. Trying to say the same thing in different places can lead to misunderstandings or unintended inconsistency. This task sheet has been carefully constructed, and part of your job is to interpret the information it contains. Some choices have been left to your judgement, and this is intentional. The files that you submit may be checked using software which detects plagiarism. Consult Section 6.1 of the Electronic Course Profile for more information and procedures concerning plagiarism. 2 4 A model of echolocation 4.1 Sperm Whales According to the Australian Government’s Department of Environment and Energy [6]: Toothed whales (including dolphins) have developed a remarkable sensory ability used for locating food and for navigation underwater called echolocation. Toothed whales produce a variety of sounds by moving air between air-spaces or sinuses in the head. Sounds are reflected or echoed back from objects, and these are thought to be received by an oil filled channel in the lower jaw and conducted to the middle ear of the animal. The Sperm Whale (Physeter macrocephalus) is a magnificent species of toothed whale. The species has been observed at all latitudes (see, for example, [1]), including in Australian waters. Individuals are known to dive to depths exceeding 3000 m in search of food, often squid. You can discover more about these awesome animals using the Species Profile and Threats (SPRAT) database [5] maintained by the Department of Environment and Energy. 4.2 Echolocation When an animal uses echolocation, it emits a sound and waits for any reflected sound. An object is detected by the sound it reflects back to the animal. The time between the emission of a sound and the detection of an echo is called the return time. One theory is that the animal uses the return time of a sound to judge the distance to the object reflecting the sound. In order for an animal to use the return time of a sound to judge the distance to an object reflecting the sound, the animal must “know” the speed of sound in the medium occupying the space between themselves and the object. The speed of sound is determined by the physical properties of the medium through which the sound wave is propagating. It is therefore reasonable to assume that sound takes the same length of time to travel from the animal to the object, as it does to travel back from the object to the animal. It follows that the distance to the object reflecting the sound is the distance travelled by sound in half the return time. For example, suppose that an animal using echolocation in the ocean detects an echo 0.620 seconds after emitting a sound. If sound travels at a constant speed of 1503 m · s−1 in the seawater encompassing both the animal emitting the sound and the object reflecting the sound, then the distance between the animal and the object is distance to the object detected using echolocation = return time 2 × speed of sound = (0.620 s) 2 × (1503 m · s−1) ≈ 466 m. 4.3 The speed of sound in seawater The speed of sound in seawater varies throughout the ocean. It has been found to depend mainly on three factors: the temperature of the water, the salinity of the water, and the depth at which the sound wave is propagating. There are several models for predicting the speed of sound in seawater given data on temperature, salinity and depth. One of the most simple is Mackenzie’s Equation [3], first published in 1981. This model predicts that the speed of sound in seawater 3 is given by c = 1448.96 + 4.591T − 5.304× 10−2T 2 + 2.374× 10−4T 3 + 1.340(S − 35) + 1.630× 10−2D + 1.675× 10−7D2 − 1.025× 10−2T (S − 35)− 7.139× 10−13TD3, where: c is the speed of sound in seawater in metres per second; T is the temperature of the seawater in degrees Celcius; S is the salinity of the seawater in parts per thousand (this is the amount of salt, in grams, per 1000 grams of seawater); and D is the depth, in metres, at which the sound wave is propagating. Mackenzie claims that the model is valid provided that the temperature is between −2 ◦C and 30 ◦C, the salinity is between 30 parts per thousand and 40 parts per thousand, and the depth is between 0 m and 8000 m. 4.4 Latitudes A latitude is an angle that specifies how far away from the equator a point on the surface of the Earth is. Points on the equator have a latitude of 0 ◦, the poles have latitudes of 90 ◦. There are two different conventions used to distinguish between points with latitude 30 ◦ in the Northern Hemisphere and points with latitude 30 ◦ in the Southern Hemisphere. Some people specify the hemisphere with a letter after the latitude, writing N for North or S for South; others specify the hemisphere with a