Answer To: 10/7/22, 11:03 PM Literature Reviewhttps://rmit.instructure.com/courses/96352/assignments/...
Dr Shweta answered on Oct 10 2022
Title: Application of Functional Genomics in the field of cancer and potential cancer drugs targets.
Introduction:
Functional genomics is the branch of biology which deals with the study of diverse regions of genome and their role in varied biological processes. In this the location of different genes and their characteristic functions are studied and a list of contender genes that are responsible for regulating different biological networks are identified. With the help of functional genomics, it is possible to identify different components of a biological system and how they interact together to carry out a particular biological process. It helps us to understand the complete pathway of gene expression for the production of a specific phenotype. It deals with the information of DNA in genomics, epigenomics, information of RNA in transcriptomics, information of protein in proteomics and details about metabolite in metabolomics hence links the genotype to phenotype [1]. Functional genomics employs different approaches to evaluate the location and function of gene using the high quality and sensitive cellular, genetic and molecular technologies. Functional genomics utilizes the next-generation gene, ‘omics’ data sets and epigenome modification tools to agitate the genes of interest. Using functional genomics, researchers recognized thousands of disease-linked polymorphisms, the connective gene expression and the underlying functional changes in the human population. For example; Many diseases, such as diabetes, autoimmune diseases, cancer, and neurological disorders, are caused by a dysregulation of a complex interplay of genes. [2]. Among its various potential uses, this article is specifically related to the application of functional Genomics for the discovery of potential cancer drugs targets. Here, we discuss how cancer biologists utilizes the immeasurable potential of functional genomics to study all the activities of genetic loci and identify the potential drug targets.
Body:
Functional genomic researchers used the cell-culture experiments and genome-modifying technologies to understand the correlation between genes and its controlling elements. Using these results, they can identify the potential proto-oncogenes and the targeted drug sites and helps in the designing of highly selective and potential cancer drugs [3]. Kabadi et al in 2020 [4] reported in their research paper that recently CRISPR-Cas systems are the widely used programmable tools for scanning of millions of genetic codes in DNA and for editing the genome. They are frequently used owing to their easy accessibility. The term CRISPR” is an acronym of “Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats”, and is the foundation of CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing technology. It provides in-depth information to analyze the biological interaction between genes and the complete biological network. With the help of these information, accurate disease modeling and identification of potential drug targets becomes easier. It is believed that the involvement of functional genomic techniques into traditional drug production strategies accelerate the production of highly sensitive and accurate therapeutics. Likewise, Hailey et al in 2020 [5] mentioned in their research article that RNA interference technology is highly significant for the discovery and screening of potential cancer drug targets. They reported that using the advanced and highly sensitive loss-of-function (LOF) tools, analytical methods of RNA interference (RNAi), technology and small interfering RNA (siRNA)-guided mRNA dilapidation technology in-depth genetic screening of mammalian systems can be performed. These methods are capable of performing the endogenous processing of RNA and selective target suppression and hence geared up the production of various approved therapeutics for cancer. For instance, the breast cancer drug Herceptin that specifically targets the overexpressed HER-2 protein of tumors is also designed using these techniques. Chandrasekaran et al in 2022 [6] also reported about the evolving CRISPR associated system (Cas) tools which is based on the occurrence of clusters of repeatedly interspaced small palindromic repeats. They mentioned that these advanced genomics techniques and proteomics tools transformed the field of cancer drug discovery and identification of their potential targets. The CRISPR-Cas tool provides in-depth insight for several gene therapies, cell culture-based assessments thar are basically employed to screen the potential drug targets. Along with this, due to its sensitivity towards biomarker identification and specific target genes, it also helps in the development of new disease models, understanding of the drug resistance processes and the evaluation of efficiency of a newly designed drug. The CRISPR-Cas-mediated gene editing tool has significant applicability in the field of efficient drug screening, drug designing specifically for the inheritable mendelian syndromes, cancer and for the development of different cell or gene based anticancer...