Literature to critically appraise: The Effectiveness of Local Hot and Cold Applications on Peripheral Intravenous Catheterization: A Randomized Controlled Trial This is the literature to critically...

2.Was the assignment of patients to treatment randomised ?
Answer – Yes , the assignment of patients to treatment was randomized because the participants were assigned by chance into three separate groups that were later compared for the effectiveness of local and cold application of peripheral intravenous catherization . Using chance to allocate people into different groups means that all the groups will be alike and that the impact of each treatment that the patient receive will be analyzed more fairly. When a trail is performed it is not known which treatment is finest. In randomised trial patients are allocated to groups by chance alone, this helps in preventing bias. Bias takes place when the final result of trials are affected by making choices and selections (Kalish et. al.,1985). For example, if in a research , researcher selects patients and assigns them to chosen groups, they may allocate healthy patients to the treatment group and very sick patients to the control group. This may have an effect on results of trial. Therefore randomization makes sure that this does not happen . In a clinical trial that involves randomization, it is necessary to know that neither the patient nor researcher can select which treatment should be given. The main benefits of randomization is that it eradicates the selection bias, maintains balance in the groups. It is vital tool for evaluating the effectiveness of the treatment . (Suresh & K.P, 2011).
3. Were all of the patients who entered the trial properly accounted for at its conclusion ?
Answer – All the  patients who participated in the trial must be part of the final evaluation and thus contribute to the conclusions. In the given experiment the follow-up was complete and all of the patients who participated in the trial correctly accounted for its result . All the participants taking part in the experiemtn were also involved in the final study and thus contributed to the trial. In case large figure of people are missing for records , than the end result of experiment can be doubted as patient that were lost for record could act in a different way than the patients present in the study. This can cause missingness of essential information. Bigger the number of missing people, the more is the chances of informative dropout that may lead to change in the results of the trail (Mittlböck et al., 2008). In the given experiment for the effectiveness of local and cold application of periphral intravenous catherization all the patients were present till the follow-up and also precisely reported for the conclusion .
5. Were the groups similar at the start of the trial?
Answer – The groups at the beginning of the experiment were similar because goal of randomized trial is to form comparable groups for the identified and unidentified prognostic factors at the beginning of the trial. All the patient in the group belonged to same demographic characteristics such as age, gender, occupation, education, income status, presence of chronic disease ad types of chronic disease. Necessary actions are used to keep balance between groups, any disparity present at the end of the study can contribute to the result of the treatment under examination. ...