Layout 1 83 C H A P T E R :6 Disorders of Mood TO P I C OV E RV I E W Unipolar Depression How Common Is Unipolar Depression? What Are the Symptoms of Depression? Diagnosing Unipolar Depression Stress...

1 answer below »
login into Montgomery College.edu, then click access MC.login:htolbert. Psd: Htjr127#go to blackboard, find psyc 203 then locate course document, discuss any topic on chapter 6.Expand & explain detailed.provide in text citation. It should be from the text you read.APA references needed.


Layout 1 83 C H A P T E R :6 Disorders of Mood TO P I C OV E RV I E W Unipolar Depression How Common Is Unipolar Depression? What Are the Symptoms of Depression? Diagnosing Unipolar Depression Stress and Unipolar Depression The Biological Model of Unipolar Depression Psychological Models of Unipolar Depression The Sociocultural Model of Unipolar Depression Bipolar Disorders What Are the Symptoms of Mania? Diagnosing Bipolar Disorders What Causes Bipolar Disorders? What Are the Treatments for Bipolar Disorders? Putting It Together: Making Sense of All That Is Known L E C T U R E O U T L I N E I. THERE ARE TWO KEY EMOTIONS IN MOOD DISORDERS: A. Depression—a low, sad state in which life seems dark and its challenges overwhelming B. Mania—a state of breathless euphoria or frenzied energy C. People with depressive disorders suffer only from depression, a pattern called unipolar depression 1. Person has no history of mania 2. Mood returns to normal when depression lifts D. In contrast, those who display bipolar disorders experience periods of mania that alternate with periods of depression E. Mood problems have always captured people’s interest 1. Millions of people have mood disorders 2. Economic costs of mood disorders amount to many billions of dollars each year 3. The human suffering is beyond calculation COMER_Fund7E_IR_CH06.QXP_Layout 1 5/1/13 4:05 PM Page 83 84 CHAPTER 6 II. UNIPOLAR DEPRESSION A. The term “depression” is often used to describe general sadness or unhappiness 1. This loose use of the term confuses a normal mood swing with a clinical syndrome 2. Clinical depression can bring severe and long-lasting psychological pain that may in- tensify as time goes by B. How common is unipolar depression? 1. Around 8 percent of adults in the United States suffer from severe unipolar depres- sion in any given year 2. As many as 5 percent suffer from mild forms 3. Around 19 percent of all adults experience unipolar depression at some time in their lives 4. The prevalence is similar in Canada, England, France, and many other countries 5. The rate of depression is higher among poor people than wealthy people 6. Women are at least twice as likely as men to experience severe unipolar depression a. Lifetime prevalence: 26 percent of women vs. 12 percent of men b. Among children, the prevalence is similar among boys and girls 7. Approximately 85 percent of people with unipolar depression recover, some without treatment a. Around 40 percent will experience another episode later in their lives C. What are the symptoms of depression? 1. Symptoms may vary from person to person 2. Five main areas of functioning may be affected: a. Emotional symptoms—feeling “miserable,” “empty,” “humiliated”; experienc- ing little pleasure b. Motivational symptoms—lacking drive, initiative, spontaneity (a) Between 6 percent and 15 percent of those with severe depression die by suicide c. Behavioral symptoms—less active, less productive d. Cognitive symptoms—hold negative views of themselves, blame themselves for unfortunate events; pessimistic e. Physical symptoms—headaches, dizzy spells, general pain D. Diagnosing unipolar depression 1. A major depressive episode is a period of two or more weeks marked by five or more symptoms of depression a. In extreme cases, symptoms are psychotic, including hallucinations and delu- sions 2. DSM-5 lists several types of depressive disorders: a. Major depressive disorder (a) People who experience a major depressive episode with no history of mania b. Dysthymic disorder (a) Individuals who experience a longer-lasting (at least two years) but less disabling pattern of depression c. Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (a) A diagnosis given to women who repeatedly experience clinically signifi- cant depressive symptoms during the week before menstruation d. Disruptive mood regulation disorder (a) A disorder characterized by a combination of persistent depressive symp- toms and recurrent outbursts of severe temper E. Stress and unipolar depression 1. Stress may be a trigger for depression 2. People with depression experience a greater number of stressful life events during the month just before the onset of their symptoms 3. Some clinicians distinguish reactive (exogenous) depression from endogenous de- pression, which seems to be a response to internal factors 4. Today’s clinicians usually concentrate on recognizing both the situational and the in- ternal aspects of any given case COMER_Fund7E_IR_CH06.QXP_Layout 1 5/1/13 4:05 PM Page 84 Disorders of Mood 85 F. The Biological model of unipolar depression 1. Evidence from genetic, biochemical, anatomical, and immune system studies sug- gests that unipolar depression has biological causes 2. Genetic factors a. Family pedigree, twin, adoption, and molecular biology gene studies suggest that some people inherit a biological predisposition b. Researchers have found that as many as 20 percent of relatives of those with de- pression are themselves depressed, compared with fewer than 10 percent of the general population c. Twin studies demonstrate a strong genetic component: (a) Concordance rates for identical (MZ) twins = 46 percent (b) Concordance rates for fraternal (DZ) twins = 20 percent d. Using techniques from the field of molecular biology, researchers have found evidence that unipolar depression may be tied to specific genes 3. Biochemical factors a. The key neurotransmitters are serotonin and norepinephrine (a) In the 1950s, medications for high blood pressure were found to cause de- pression: some lowered serotonin, others lowered norepinephrine (b) The discovery of truly effective antidepressant medications, which re- lieved depression by increasing either serotonin or norepinephrine, con- firmed the NT role (c) Depression likely involves not just serotonin or norepinephrine; a compli- cated interaction is at work, and other neurotransmitters may be involved b. Factors related to the endocrine system and hormone release may also be at work (a) People with depression have been found to have abnormal levels of cor- tisol, a hormone released by the adrenal glands during times of stress (b) People with depression have been found to have abnormal melatonin se- cretion—sometimes called the “Dracula hormone” (c) Other researchers are investigating deficiencies of important proteins within neurons as tied to depression c. Model has produced much enthusiasm but has certain limitations: (a) Relies on analogue studies: depression-like symptoms created in lab animals (i) Do these symptoms correlate with human emotions? (b) Measuring brain activity has been difficult and indirect (i) Current studies using newer technology are attempting to address this issue 4. Brain anatomy and brain circuits a. Biological researchers have determined that emotional reactions of various kinds are tied to brain circuits b. These are networks of brain structures that work together, triggering each other into action and producing a particular kind of emotional reaction c. Although research is far from complete, a circuit responsible for unipolar de- pression has begun to emerge (a) Likely brain areas in the circuit include the prefrontal cortex, hippocam- pus, amygdala, and Brodmann Area 25 5. Immune system a. This system is the body’s network of activities and cells that fight off bacteria and other foreign invaders b. When stressed, the immune system may become dysregulated, which some be- lieve may help produce depression 6. What are the biological treatments for unipolar depression? a. Usually, biological treatment means antidepressant drugs, but for severely de- pressed individuals who do not respond to other forms of treatment, it some- times includes electroconvulsive therapy or brain stimulation b. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) (a) This is one of the most controversial forms of treatment COMER_Fund7E_IR_CH06.QXP_Layout 1 5/1/13 4:05 PM Page 85 86 CHAPTER 6 (b) The procedure consists of targeted electrical stimulation to cause a brain seizure (c) The usual course of treatment is 6 to 12 sessions spaced over 2 to 4 weeks (d) The discovery of the effectiveness of ECT was accidental (e) The procedure has been modified in recent years to reduce some of the negative effects (i) For example, patients are given muscle relaxants and anesthetics be- fore and during the procedure (f) Patients generally report some memory loss (g) ECT is clearly effective in treating unipolar depression, but it has been dif- ficult to determine why ECT works so well (h) Studies find improvement in 60 to 80 percent of patients (i) The procedure seems particularly effective in cases of severe depression with delusions c. Antidepressant drugs (a) In the 1950s, two kinds of drugs were found to reduce the symptoms of depression: monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAO inhibitors) and tri- cyclics; these drugs have been joined in recent years by a third group, the second-generation antidepressants (b) Antidepressant drugs: MAO inhibitors (i) Originally used to treat TB, doctors noticed that the medication seemed to make patients happier (ii) The drug works biochemically by slowing down the body’s produc- tion of MAO, which breaks down norepinephrine (iii) MAO inhibitors stop this breakdown from occurring (iv) This leads to a rise in norepinephrine activity and a reduction in de- pressive symptoms (v) Approximately half of patients who take these drugs are helped by them (vi) MAO inhibitors pose a potential danger: people who take MAOIs experience a dangerous rise in blood pressure if they eat foods con- taining tyramine (cheese, bananas, wine) (c) Antidepressant drugs: tricyclics (i) In searching for medications for schizophrenia, researchers discov- ered that imipramine relieved depressive symptoms (ii) Imipramine and related drugs are known as tricyclics because they share a three-ring molecular structure (iii) Hundreds of studies have found that depressed patients taking tri- cyclics have improved much more than similar patients taking placebos (iv) Drugs must be taken for at least 10 days before such improvement is seen (v) About 60–65 percent of patients find symptom improvement (vi) Most patients who immediately stop taking tricyclics upon relief of symptoms relapse within one year (vii) Patients who take tricyclics for five additional months (“mainte- nance therapy”) have a significantly decreased risk of relapse (viii) Tricyclics are believed to reduce depression by affecting neurotrans- mitter (NT) reuptake mechanisms (1) To prevent an NT from remaining in the synapse too long, a pumplike mechanism recaptures the NT and draws it back into the presynaptic neuron (2) The reuptake process appears to be too efficient in some peo- ple, drawing in too much of the NT from the synapse (3) This reduction in NT activity in the synapse is thought to result in clinical depression COMER_Fund7E_IR_CH06.QXP_Layout 1 5/1/13 4:05 PM Page 86 Disorders of Mood 87 (4) Tricyclics block the reuptake process, thus increasing NT activ- ity in the synapse (d) Second-generation antidepressants (i) A third group of effective antidepressant drugs is structurally differ- ent from the MAO inhibitors and tricyclics (ii) Most of the drugs in this group are labeled selective serotonin reup- take inhibitors (SSRIs) (iii) These drugs increase serotonin activity specifically (no other NTs are affected) (iv) This class includes fluoxetine (Prozac), sertraline (Zoloft), and esci- talopram (Lexapro) (v) Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors and serotonin-norepi- nephrine reuptake inhibitors are also now available (vi) The effectiveness and speed of action of these drugs are on a par with the tricyclics, yet their sales have skyrocketed (1) Clinicians often prefer these drugs because it is harder to over- dose on them than on other kinds of antidepressants (2) There are no dietary restrictions like there are with MAO
Answered Same DayMar 26, 2021

Answer To: Layout 1 83 C H A P T E R :6 Disorders of Mood TO P I C OV E RV I E W Unipolar Depression How Common...

Vidya answered on Mar 26 2021
146 Votes
BIPOLAR DEPRESSION
Bipolar depression is a condition in which a person experiences the low moods of
depression as well as the high moods of mania (MentalHelp.net, 2020). They tend to have mixed emotions where there may be inappropriate and dramatic rises in the activities they do and also in their mood. The main functioning areas that are generally affected to show up the symptoms are the motivational symptoms, behavioral symptoms, cognitive symptoms, emotional symptoms and physical symptoms (Brochures and Fact Sheets, 2020). A person with bipolar disorder can be identified by the symptoms executed by them which can even include psychotic in extreme cases. According to the DSM-5 classification, bipolar I disorder has...
SOLUTION.PDF

Answer To This Question Is Available To Download

Related Questions & Answers

More Questions »

Submit New Assignment

Copy and Paste Your Assignment Here