Answer To: CASE SCENARIO FOR THE LABORATORY REPORTXXXXXXXXXXAgo: 57)00s:7Gender:‘specimen Type:AC...
Dr. Sulabh answered on Dec 11 2022
Breast Cancer Study1
BREAST CANCER STUDY
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BREAST CANCER STUDY
1. The case study includes the analysis and screening of a female patient aged 57 years diagnosed with the condition of breast cancer. The identifier in this study is the analysis of the left breast lobe of this patient indicated with the presence of fibrous fatty tissue in the left breast lobe in the imaging report. The length of the fibrous tumor in the left breast of the female patient is around 15mm in length. The criterion required for the acceptance of the tissue in the category of breast cancer is that it should fall in any grade like grade I, grade II, grade III, and grade IV. The analysis revealed that it is a grade II breast cancer. The imaging results reveal that the size of the lesion formed on the breast is of size 6mm. In-situ ductal carcinoma is a cancer of the milk glands present in the breasts of a female. The epithelial cells line the internal lining of the milk ducts which secrete milk in the breasts. During the condition of in situ ductal carcinoma, there is an abnormal growth and proliferation of the epithelial cells lining the milk ducts in the breast tissue. The symptom of this carcinoma includes the formation of hard tissue lumps in the breast region and it is associated with mutations in the BRCA gene. A complete history of the patient including age, sex, demography, and history is required while preparing a medical record of the patient undergoing the treatment procedure.
The HER2 receptor is present on the locus of chromosome 17 in humans. During the activation of the cellular signaling response, there is a process of pairing of the different EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptors) present on the surface of the cells being studied. During the analysis of different grades of breast cancer, there is a calculation of the ratio of HER2/CEP 17. CEP17 is called centromere loci copy. If this ratio is high then there are more chances of the occurrence of the cancer state. Trastuzumab therapy is prescribed for patients who have a high-grade cancer with a high ratio of HER2/CEP17 (Stocker et al., 2016).
After 3-dimensional scanning and X-ray analysis, there is a visualization of a white tissue calcification in the breast region. The cancer-invasive cells present in the breast region are removed through the technique of lumpectomy whereas the surgical technique of mastectomy removes the entire cancer-prone tissue present in the breast cancer region. External powerful internal beam radiations are also used for treating cancer as the high-intensity beam is concentrated on the cancerous tissue leading to the death of the cancer cells (Cleveland Clinic, 2022). However, there are side effects of the hormone therapy, radiation and chemotherapy prescribed to the patients like feeling anxious, tired, fatigue, redness, soreness, and inflammation in the affected area of the breasts undergoing the therapy (Cleveland Clinic, 2022).
The breast region consists of tissue, blood vessels, and lymph which drain the fatty acid molecules. A swelling is observed in the node regions of the breast during the occurrence of breast cancer disease. During the transition from stage 1 to stage 4 the tumor moves and migrates from the breast tissue toward the other parts of the human body including the lymph node infection also. Further a grading scale is studied after measuring the size of the tumor obtained from the sample under investigation (InfoHealth, 2016).
There are different types of breast cancer as indicated and discussed below:
i. Lumen-type breast cancer of type A which is negative for the HER2 receptor and positive for the estrogen and the progesterone receptor. The movement and migration of these cancer cells take place slowly from the region of origin to the other parts of the human body.
ii. Lumen-type breast cancer of type B which is negative or positive for the HER2 receptor and positive for both the estrogen receptor and the progesterone receptor.
iii. The next is a type in which the breast tissue sample is negative for the estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and for HER2 receptor. The BRCA gene which is a cancer-related gene is also negative in these tissue samples.
iv. HER2-activated type of breast cancer in which there are more number of receptors expressed on the surface of the tissue samples and there is negative testing for the estrogen and the progesterone...