make sure you make your own set up pictures and put it in the lab report
How to write a lab report: There are nine parts to a lab report. Listed in the order that they appear in the lab report, they are: Title page, Purpose, Apparatus, Procedure, Theory, Data, and Analysis of data, Conclusion, and Raw data sheet. Each of these sections is important, and a lab report is considered incomplete without them all. If you need help with any of this ask question. Here is what each of them should cover. Title Page, 1 point The title page contains the name of the experiment that you performed and your name First warning: Students who submit another person's work and passes it off as his own (plagiarism) will receive a zero (0) for the lab report. This action can lead to dismissal from the class, and in some cases, dismissal from the university. This policy is explained in the university catalog. In cases dealing with plagiarism, no "makeup" work will be accepted. Purpose, 3 points Simply stated, what it is that you are trying to find out? The experiments have a stated purpose in the lab manual. Take the stated purpose, put it in your own words, and present it in the report. Apparatus, 3 points A cookbook style list of the items you used to perform the experiment. Theory, 5 points This section should include the formulas relevant to the experiment and a brief statement explaining why they are relevant. Anytime you write an equation, make sure that you define all your terms. You will NOT be expected to derive the formulas for standard deviation or the method of least squares. You are expected to present them in the theory section, if needed, and identify each of the variables in the formulas, and explain what they mean. Check your physics text or your T.A. if you need help with the theory. Procedure, 15 points This section is a list of instructions on how you did the experiment. It should be thorough enough so that another lab student could perform the experiment using your procedure section (like the instructions found in a cookbook). If your procedure for the experiment was thorough and straightforward, you can expect 15 points. Data tables, an easy 10 points A copy of the raw data taken in the lab, only this time presented in table form. The data table should be organized with the appropriate titles and units on each of the columns. Neatness counts! A neat raw data sheet can be used here. The raw data must be recorded in permanent ink. This original data sheet must be included in the report that you turn in. Analysis of data, 20-40 points total Here is where we start to get into the meat of the lab report. The analysis of data section is made up of four different parts. In the first part, Calculations (10 points), you should present a sample calculation for each computation that you did. If you took five sets of six measurements each, and then did an average on these six measurements, you would be expected to show how you got the average and standard deviation for one set in detail. After which, you could just present the average and standard deviation of the other five. This allows you to present your analysis of the data without getting bogged down in calculations. The second part, Awareness of uncertainties (10 points), deals with how you present the results of the calculations, and the uncertainties associated with those calculations. If the first doubtful digit is in the one's place, don't bother stating your result to six digits to the right of the decimal. The lab manual has more on this, so do the books on reserve in the library. Again, if you need help ask. The third part, Graphs (10 points each), are not required for all labs reports. Graphs should be done on a spreadsheets only. Graphs should have a title, the X and Y axis should be clearly labeled (3 points total). The X and Y axes should have a scale so that the data is not all bunched up in the corner and the units should make physical sense (2 points total). The equation of the least square fit to the data should be written in a prominent place. Graphs are important, and spend some time looking at and thinking about what the graph is telling you. Trends in the data can be easily noticed on a graph. Again, the slope, X and Y intercepts are important items and should be paid close attention to; they often are what you are looking for. If you use a spreadsheet, make sure you turn the “connect the dots” option off (no lines connecting the points, “markers” only!). The Conclusion (20 points), MUST directly address your stated Purpose. This is done by restating your final results with the associated uncertainties and relating them to your stated purpose at the start of the lab report. After you have tied your results to your purpose, then you are free to discuss other problems you experienced in carrying out the experiment. Did anything unexpected turn up in the analysis? If you were to repeat the experiment over, what would you do differently? If you measured one thing two ways, did the results overlap? What where the largest sources of error and how did you minimize their effect? These are the kinds of things we want you to be aware of and look for. If, after doing the experiment or in the week between sections, you have thought of another method, feel free to mention it here Lab Report 3 Report by: student Purpose Lab 3A: For this lab we conducted an experiment that demonstrated graphs of motion and determining how the position correlates to time on a position versus time graph. The purpose of the lab was to graphically and mathematically understand how a position versus time graph behave based on a specific velocity, position, and time. Lab 3B: For this next test we conducted an experiment that demonstrated graphs of motion and determining how the velocity correlates to time on a velocity versus time graph. The purpose of the lab was to graphically and mathematically understand how a velocity versus time graph behave based on a specific velocity, position, time, and acceleration. Lab 3C: For this lab we conducted an experiment timing the distance it takes to reach the bottom of the incline plane calculating the instantaneous speed to find average velocity. The purpose of this experiment is to measure the average speed of an object over a decreasing distance and to capture the average speed to find the instantaneous speed. Lab 3D: For this lab we conducted an experiment measuring the acceleration on an inclined plane. We lowered the inclined plane after each measurement was taken starting the cart off at the midpoint. The purpose of this experiment was ultimately to use the slope off of the cart’s acceleration versus sin(θ) graph to find acceleration due to gravity and compare the results to the theoretical value. Apparatus Part A: • PASCO Interface (for one sensor) • Motion Sensor • Reflector board • Data Studio Part B • PASCO Interface (for one sensor) • Motion Sensor • Reflector Board • Data Studio Part C • PASCO Interface (for two sensors) • IDS Photogates and Fences • 2.2 m Dynamics Track • Dynamics Cart • Meter Stick • Data Studio Part D • PASCO Interface (for one sensor) • Acceleration Sensor • Angle Indicator • 2.2 m Dynamics Track • Dynamics Cart • Large Rod Base and 45-cm Rod • Data Studio Theory Part A: While observing a position vs time graph we are studying a few things. We are able to determine how far an object traveled, along with how long It took to get that far. Plus, you are able to identify the velocity it was traveling. In order to find velocity, you can calculate it by taking the slope of the line, which is determined by the simple formula ???????? = ∆????????(?) ∆????(?) Part B: While observing a velocity vs time graph we are studying a few things. We are able to determine how fast an object was moving, along with how long It took to get that far. Plus, you are able to identify the acceleration and position. In order to find acceleration, you can calculate it by taking the slope of the line, and you can calculate distance by taking the area under the line. They are determined by the formulas. ????????????(?/?2) = ∆????????(?) ∆????(?) Part C: As the cart goes down the incline plane to zero we find the average velocity, by finding the average distance it takes over the average time it takes to reach the bottom. ???????? = ∆????????(?) ∆????(?) Part D: After each trial, we used data studio to measure acceleration to show how it relates to gsin(θ). We then calculated acceleration with the use of the slope off of the cart’s acceleration versus sin(θ) graph to find acceleration due to gravity. We then compared the experimental value of acceleration due to gravity on an inclined plane with the theoretical value of acceleration due to gravity to find percent error. 1. a=gsin(θ) 2. percent difference=| ????????????−?ℎ????????? ?ℎ????????? |x 100% Procedure Part A: First, gather all materials—PASCO interface, motion sensor and reflector board. Open up data studio and click the file “04 Position_Time.ds”. After gathering materials and setting up the DataStudio an example of distance versus time graph will pop up for you to follow. Place the motion sensor aimed at mid-section and hold board steadily in front of you. The program will give you three seconds before recording data and provides a pointer that moves up and down depending on the movement in front of the sensor. This will automatically stop recording data after 10 seconds. Use the reflector board and stand in front of the PASCO sensor while moving forward and backward in an attempt to replicate the graph using the appropriate motion. To delete the previous trials off of the graph, click experiment and delete all data runs. You should attempt this until you get as close as possible to the original graph. Part B: First, gather all materials—PASCO interface, motion sensor and reflector board. Open up data studio and click the file “04BVelocity_Time.ds”. After gathering materials and setting up the DataStudio, an example velocity versus time graph