No Intro needed answer each question on a page in apa. No outside sources only the one provided
1.Main components of the intervention: describe the methods (implementation/setting) used and variables measured
2.Critique the intervention. (From what you learned, what did the authors/designers do well? What could they have done better? Provide supporting evidence for your claims.): Think about the methods used for the target population, assessments used, theory used, sample size, any bias that could have altered the results etc. Please take time to provide a thorough critique. Your critique will be used to assess your understanding of the program article.
Community-based participatory research to prevent substance abuse and HIV/AIDS in African-American a Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ijic20 Journal of Interprofessional Care ISSN: 1356-1820 (Print) 1469-9567 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ijic20 Community-based participatory research to prevent substance abuse and HIV/AIDS in African- American adolescents Marianne Marcus, Thomas Walker, J Michael Swint, Brenda Page Smith, Cleon Brown, Nancy Busen, Thelissa Edwards, Patricia Liehr, Wendell Taylor, Darryal Williams & Kirk von Sternberg To cite this article: Marianne Marcus, Thomas Walker, J Michael Swint, Brenda Page Smith, Cleon Brown, Nancy Busen, Thelissa Edwards, Patricia Liehr, Wendell Taylor, Darryal Williams & Kirk von Sternberg (2004) Community-based participatory research to prevent substance abuse and HIV/AIDS in African-American adolescents, Journal of Interprofessional Care, 18:4, 347-359, DOI: 10.1080/13561820400011776 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820400011776 Published online: 06 Jul 2009. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 288 View related articles Citing articles: 5 View citing articles https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=ijic20 https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/ijic20 https://www.tandfonline.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1080/13561820400011776 https://doi.org/10.1080/13561820400011776 https://www.tandfonline.com/action/authorSubmission?journalCode=ijic20&show=instructions https://www.tandfonline.com/action/authorSubmission?journalCode=ijic20&show=instructions https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/mlt/10.1080/13561820400011776 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/mlt/10.1080/13561820400011776 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/13561820400011776#tabModule https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/citedby/10.1080/13561820400011776#tabModule Community-based participatory research to prevent substance abuse and HIV/AIDS in African-American adolescents MARIANNE T. MARCUS1, THOMAS WALKER2, J. MICHAEL SWINT3, BRENDA PAGE SMITH4, CLEON BROWN2, NANCY BUSEN1, THELISSA EDWARDS1, PATRICIA LIEHR1, WENDELL C. TAYLOR3, DARRYAL WILLIAMS5 & KIRK VON STERNBERG6 1University of Texas at Houston Health Science Center School of Nursing, Texas, USA, 2Windsor Village United Methodist Church, Texas, USA, 3University of Texas at Houston Health Science Center School of Public Health, Texas, USA, 4WAM Foundation, Inc., Texas, USA, 5Prairie View A&M University, Texas, USA, 6University of Texas at Houston Health Science Center School of Medicine, Texas, USA Summary Adolescence is a time for exploration and risk-taking; in today’s urban environment, with the twin threats of substance abuse and HIV/AIDS, the stakes are particularly high. This paper describes a community-based participatory research project to design, implement, and evaluate a faith- based substance abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention program for African-American adolescents. A coalition of university-based investigators and African-American church member stakeholders collaborated on all aspects of Project BRIDGE, the 3-year intervention to reduce substance abuse and HIV/AIDS in African-American adolescents. Our results support the use of community-based participatory research to create desirable change in this setting. Adolescents who participated in Project BRIDGE reported significantly less marijuana and other drug use and more fear of AIDS than a comparison group. Project BRIDGE has been designated an official ministry of the church and the program has been extended to others in the larger metropolitan community. The church now has a well- trained volunteer staff. University faculty developed skills in negotiating with community-based settings. The coalition remains strong with plans for continued collaborative activities. Key words: Substance abuse and HIV/AIDS prevention; faith-based program; African-American adolescents; community-based participatory research. Introduction Participatory research methods are a viable means to respond to complex health issues within communities. Approaches to participatory research include applications variously Correspondence to: Marianne T. Marcus, John P. McGovern Professor in Addiction Nursing, Chair, Nursing Systems, University of Texas at Houston Health Science Center School of Nursing, 1100 Holcombe Blvd., Suite 5.516, Houston, Texas 77030, USA. Tel: (713) 500-2120; Fax: (713) 500-2142; E-mail: [email protected] JOURNAL OF INTERPROFESSIONAL CARE, VOL. 18, NO. 4, NOVEMBER 2004 ISSN 1356–1820 print/ISSN 1469-9567 online/04/040347–13 # Taylor & Francis Ltd DOI: 10.1080/13561820400011776 labeled as action research, participatory action research, community-based action research, and advocacy research (North American Primary Care Research Group, 1998). These applications provide a common framework which includes community participation, research, and action directed at resolving problems identified by community stakeholders (Cornwall & Jewkes, 1995; Israel et al., 1998; Rains & Ray, 1995). The role of the researcher becomes that of facilitator. Knowledge and societal change are literally created by interactions between the researcher and the stakeholders, all of whom are defined as participants in the research. In the health field the basic tenets of this form of inquiry are rooted in pragmatism and the work of Kurt Lewin (Brown & Tandon, 1983; Lewin, 1946; Meyer, 1993; Stringer, 1999). Lewin proposed to study social systems through a cyclical process that involves analysis, fact- finding, conceptualization, planning, implementation, and evaluation. The focus is on solving practical problems while generating new knowledge. Morrison and Lilford (2001) synthesized five hallmarks of the action research process: (1) flexible planning; (2) iterative cycle; (3) subjective meaning; (4) simultaneous improvement; and (5) unique context. This process has great appeal for teachers, health workers, and clinicians, because human events are complex and dynamic and the action research method is structured to address dynamic complexity in pursuit of human understanding. Stringer (1999) discusses action research that is community-based, noting that it is always carried out with an explicit set of social values. The process must be democratic, equitable, liberating, and life enhancing. The analogue to hypothesis testing in action research is the creation of change that enhances the lives of members of the community. When an action research project fails to make a difference in the lives of all participants it cannot be considered successful (Stringer, 1999). Further, the credibility-validity of knowledge generated through this form of research is measured ultimately according to whether actions that arise from it solve problems (workability and utility) and increase participants’ control in the situation (Greenwood & Levin, 1998; Minkler et al., 2002). In this article, we discuss the use of community-based participatory research (CBPR) as an approach for designing, implementing, and evaluating a unique faith-based HIV/AIDS and substance abuse prevention program for African-American adolescents. The initiative, a demonstration project, is an ongoing research partnership between university-based investigators and African-American church member stakeholders (Willms et al., 1996). All participants are committed to recognizing and valuing the different lived experiences, skills, and priorities each of the participants bring to the endeavor (Israel et al., 1998; Schulz et al., 2002). The challenges and frustrations encountered in developing and implementing a culturally-specific and age- and gender-sensitive program in a dynamic setting are discussed. In 1999 members of the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Schools of Nursing, Public Health and Medicine, the WAM (formerly Windsor AIDS Ministry) Foundation, Inc. and Windsor Village United Methodist Church (WVUMC), formed a coalition to respond to a request for proposals from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (SAMHSA/CSAP). The specific request of the agency was for targeted capacity expansion initiatives for HIV/AIDS and substance abuse prevention services in ethnic minority communities. The coalition was built on the trust established between two members of the team, one from the university and one from the church, while working on prior substance abuse initiatives. Our response was a proposal for a 3-year intervention composed of empirically-based components, adapted to a faith-based setting, that targeted the needs of African-American adolescents. The objective of the study was to design, implement and evaluate a faith-based intervention to prevent substance abuse and risky sexual behaviors. 348 MARIANNE T. MARCUS ET AL. Methods The routines of look, think, act proposed by Stringer (1999), served as a guide during the process of grant writing, subsequent funding, implementation, and evaluation of our project. Though the routines appear linear in format, Stringer (1999) cautioned that they are to be continually recycled. The process is complex, dynamic, and iterative. We describe the routines and our activities and results in the following section of the paper. Look According to Stringer (1999), the first, or look phase of the process is a time to gather relevant data and describe the existing community situation. The grant writing period was a time of intense review of the effectiveness of current goals and services already provided by the church for its youth. The coalition engaged in extensive literature review and in weekly discussions. Data gathered about adolescence in general document that it is a period of transition and vulnerability characterized by major physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes (Parfenoff & Paikoff, 1997; St. Lawrence, 1993; Wilson et al., 1997). Health behavior patterns are often established during this critical developmental stage. Adolescence is also a time for exploration and risk- taking; in today’s urban environment, with the twin threats of substance abuse and HIV/AIDS, the stakes are particularly high. African-American youth are at greater risk of contracting HIV/ AIDS than other population groups (Brunswick et al., 1993; Center for Disease Control, 1992; Jemmott et al., 1998; Koblin et al., 1990; Rodrique et al., 1997; Selik et al., 1998). Also, African- Americans have a disproportionably higher rate of consequences related to illicit drug and alcohol use (Brown & John, 1999). Literature on risk and protective factors for ethnic minority adolescents revealed that they were more likely to engage in health-compromising behaviors (Wilson et al., 1997). Moreover, ethnic minority youth are not as likely as other groups to have regular medical care (Parfenoff & Paikoff, 1997). Urban minority families are over-represented in the population of single parent families. Children of these families are known to be at risk for health-compromising behaviors (Jarrett, 1994). Peer relationships are likely to take on greater significance when family and community attachments are weak. Youngsters with weak family and community attachmentsmay feel that they have little to lose by associatingwith deviant peers (Ellickson, 1999; Petraitis et al., 1995). Other risks, or predictors, for substance abuse, and early sexual activity, include pro-drug social choices; pro-drug beliefs and attitudes including the belief that drug use is normative; weak bonds with school and prior deviant behavior (Ellickson, 1999). Hawkins et al. (1992) identified protective factors for adolescents including a resilient temperament, positive attitudes, good problem-solving skills, a good relationship with at least one nurturing adult, belief in one’s self-efficacy, clear understanding of behavioral norms and religiosity and spirituality. Wallace and Forman (1998) reported that religious youth in America are less likely to engage in behaviors that compromise their health. The population of African-Americans in Houston (28%) is higher than the national average (15%). African-Americans have a disproportionately high incidence of HIV/AIDS in Houston, a city that ranks fourth among the 10 states and territories reporting the highest number of AIDS cases. This look suggested that African-American youth in Houston could benefit from comprehensive prevention services to halt the devastating health problems associated with substance abuse and HIV/AIDS infection. This first phase of the action research process resulted in formation of a coalition starting with the youth from one church and ultimately expanding