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Online Exercise 1—Due Sep. 16

^th


no later than noon to d2l Assignments Folder

Doppler Shift:
Refer to the diagram below to answer the first eight questions:

Note: A nm (nanometer) is one billionth of a meter.

A cm (centimeter) is one hundredth of a meter.

1. What is the range of wavelength for gamma rays?

1. What is the range of wavelength for radio waves?

1. What is the range of wavelength for visible light?

1. How does energy relate to wavelength? (Hint: look at all info on the diagram)

1. UV light is dangerous to humans (causes sunburns) while radio waves are not. Explain how energy of EMR relates to its effect on humans.

1. Fill in the blanks below (using the words high, low, long, short)

________________wavelength = HIGH energy = ________________ temperature

________________wavelength = LOW energy = _______________ temperature

Light emitted by an object can appear to change wavelength due to its motion relative to an observer (toward or away). Toward= compressed to shorter wavelength; Away=stretched to longer wavelength. This is called
Doppler Shift.

1. When objects are moving toward each other (or, one is moving toward another), what color of light does the wavelength shift toward, blue or red?

1. When objects are moving away from each other (or, one is moving away from another), what color of light does the wavelength shift toward, blue or red?

Expansion of Universe:

Let’s consider a balloon analogy for expansion of the universe:

In this analogy, the space and time of the universe are modeled by the “surface” of an expanding balloon. The entire universe only exists on the surface of the balloon. Light can only travel on the surface of the balloon. (CENTER FOR ASTRONOMY EDUCATION LECTURE TUTORIALS FOR INTRO ASTRONOMY)

9. In the balloon analogy, does the universe have a center? If so, where? Does the universe have an edge? If so, where?

10. Imagine you lived in a galaxy on the surface of the balloon. As the balloon expands, would all the other galaxies appear to move toward or away from you?

11. Would your answer to question 10 be the same regardless of the galaxy in which you lived, or would it change depending on the galaxy you inhabited? Explain.

Hubble Plot:

Use the Hubble Plot below to answer questions 12-14. Each dot represents a galaxy.

X-axis = _________________________________________________

Y-axis = _________________________________________________

The x-axis is a measure of distance (how far away a galaxy is from us), and the y-axis is a measure of velocity (how fast galaxies are moving).

12. What do you think “recessional velocity” means?

13. What is the relationship that the Hubble Plot shows?

NOW…what does it all mean?

14. Use the space below to explain how the universe is changing over time and how we know. (You can discuss this with a classmate but be sure to write it in your own words! No two students should turn in the exact same answer, word for word)

Temperature and Formation of our Solar System:

Consider the information provided in the graph and table below. The graph shows the temperature (kelvin) at different distances from the sun (AU) in the solar system during the time
when planets were originally forming.

18. Which planets formed at temperatures cooler than the freezing point of water?

At temperatures hotter than the freezing point of water, light gases, such as hydrogen and helium, likely had too much energy to condense together to form large gas giant planets.

19. Over what range of distances from the Sun would you expect to find light gases, such as hydrogen and helium, collecting together to form a gas giant planet? Explain your reasoning.

20. Is it likely that a gas giant planet would have formed at the location of Mercury? Explain your reasoning.

Minerals and Rocks:
The pie chart below shows the most abundant elements in the Earth.

22. Next to each rock characteristic below, fill in the blank with the correct type of rock the characteristic belongs to, either MAFIC or FELSIC:

Dark in color _________________________________

Low density (less than 2.75) _____________________________

Formed in the Earth’s mantle _____________________________

Formed in Earth’s crust __________________________

23. Use the diagram below and your understanding of density and explain in your own words in the space next to the diagram how density played a role in the formation of Earth’s layers, and how density relates to earth’s current layered structure.

24. Minerals have a definite chemical composition. Recall from lecture the mineral mica, which is a sheet silicate. There are two types;

Muscovite –with the chemical formula KAl₂(AlSi₃O₁₀)OH

Biotite – with the chemical formula K(Mg, Fe)₃AlSi₃O₁₀(OH)

Both of these minerals are mica, both have the same ordered internal structure of atoms and form in sheets. Based on their chemical formulae above, what do you think is different about these two micas? (Hint: what does one have that the other doesn’t, and what does that tell you about its appearance)

25. Fill in the blanks:

Minerals are made up of _________________; rocks are made up of ________________.

Plate Tectonics:

26. Circle/underline any of the following layers that are part of the lithosphere:

CrustEntire MantleUpper MantleAsthenosphereCore

27. In your own words, explain how the lithosphere and the asthenosphere are different:

28. True or False: A tectonic plate is the same thing as a continent.

29. True or False: A tectonic plate can contain a continent, an ocean, or both.

30. On the diagram below, label the following with the letters A,B,C

A – A divergent boundary

B – A place where the rocks of the ocean floor are very young

C – A place where the rocks of the ocean floor are about 180 million years old (the oldest of the sea floor)