- Please describe software issues which impact business operation in two-three paragraphs with valid references.
Week 4-Online Module Supplemental Instructional Videos 1. Watch the Video- – Computer Basics:- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEo_aacpwCw 2. Watch the Video- Inside a Computer- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HB4I2CgkcCo&feature=youtu.be 3. Watch the Video –Technology Guide 1-Hardware- https://slideplayer.com/slide/6035333/ 4. Watch the Video-Computer Input & Output Devices– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qnQyFIHqiKY 5. Watch the Video- – What is Software?- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KZ8fFRowFmM 6. Watch the Video-Technology Guide 2-Software- https://slideplayer.com/slide/4903613/ 7. Watch the Video- Why Do Computers Use 1s and 0s? Binary and Transistors Explained.- https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xpk67YzOn5w 8. Watch the Video – How Operating Systems Work-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tPDyxtpxPcY 9. Watch the Video- Types of Computer Software-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJf6AnD9RJY 10. Watch the Video= How Software is Made-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWdeGTJxMQc 11. Watch the Video- What is Software Development-https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pquPUX1EihM Additional Resources Computer Hardware http://www.cs.ucr.edu/~gusta/cs8w04/hardware.htm Components of a Computer System https://chortle.ccsu.edu/java5/notes/chap01/ch01_3.html 5 Considerations When Choosing Hardware for your Business https://www.sba.gov/blog/5-considerations-when-choosing-hardware-your-business Choose the right hardware and software https://www.business.vic.gov.au/marketing-and-sales/eCommerce-and-digital-technology/how-to-build-a-website/choose-the-right-hardware-and-software Software https://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/software.htm Computer software https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/computer_software.htm Software Issues https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-4757-2950-4_7 8 challenges affecting software project management https://www.cio.com/article/3065984/8-challenges-affecting-software-project-management.html Chapter 4 Hardware and Software Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Objectives (1 of 4) Describe the functions of the four fundamental hardware components of every computer Explain the difference between multiprocessing, parallel processing, and grid computing Describe how each of the three primary classes of computers is used within an organization Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Objectives (2 of 4) Identify the three or four subclasses associated with each primary class of computer Identify three primary features that distinguish tier 1, 2, 3, and 4 data centers State the three primary goals of the “green computing” program List the two basic kinds of software and their associated subclasses Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Objectives (3 of 4) Describe the role of the operating system State three cost savings benefits associated with server virtualization Describe how the service-oriented architecture approach is used to build software and microservices Identify three advantages of off-the-shelf versus proprietary software State four key advantages of the software as a service model Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Objectives (4 of 4) Give an example of how application software is used in the personal, workgroup, and enterprise sphere of influence Identify five tasks for which programming languages are commonly used Identify the three primary types of end-user license agreements Compare open-source software to licensed software in terms of how each is used and supported Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Why Learn About Hardware and Software? State-of-the-art hardware and software Enables enhanced network and data security Increases productivity Improves employee morale Lowers costs Enables organization competitiveness Managerial expectation regarding hardware and software investments Define business needs Ask relevant questions and evaluate options Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anatomy of a Computer (1 of 3) FIGURE 4.1 Basic anatomy of a computer Computer hardware components include the central processing unit or cpu, memory, bus, and input/output devices. Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anatomy of a Computer (2 of 3) Phases for completing an instruction Instruction phase Fetch instruction Decode instruction Execution phase Execute instruction Store results Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Anatomy of a Computer (3 of 3) FIGURE 4.2 Basic anatomy of a computer Computer hardware components include the central processing unit or cpu, memory, bus, and input/output devices. Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Processor (1 of 4) Multicore processor Two or more independent processing units Cores sequence and execute instructions Processor generates heat Clock speed Series of electronic pulses Produced at a predetermined rate Governs speed at which steps are completed Gigahertz (GHz) measures clock speed One billion cycles per second Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Processor (2 of 4) Manufacturing processors Integrated circuit (IC)—or chip Set of electronic circuits on one small piece of semiconductor material (normally silicon) Can be extremely small Semiconductor fabrication plant Called a fab or foundry Factory where integrated circuits are manufactured Use extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) process Extremely expensive to set up Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Processor (3 of 4) Multiprocessing Simultaneously execute two or more instructions Coprocessors One processor executes specific instruction types while CPU works on another processing activity Parallel processing Simultaneously execute the same task on multiple processors Massively parallel processing systems Link hundreds or thousands of processors Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Processor (4 of 4) Parallel processing (continued) Grid computing Coordinated computers Owned by multiple individuals or organizations Solves a common problem Low-cost approach to parallel processing Central server is key Divides computing task into subtasks Assigns work to grid computers Monitors processing Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Main Memory (1 of 2) Main memory Rapidly provides working storage to the CPU Used for program instructions and data Data storage in memory Eight bits together form a byte (B) Storage capacity measured in bytes One byte equals one character of data Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Main Memory (2 of 2) NameAbbreviationNumber of Bytes ByteB1 KilobyteKB1,000 MegabyteMB1,0002 GigabyteGB1,0003 TerabyteTB1,0004 PetabytePB1,0005 ExabyteEB1,0006 ZettabyteZB1,0007 YottabyteYB1,0008 TABLE 4.1 Computer storage units Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. RAM and Cache (1 of 3) Random access memory (RAM) Memory where instructions or data can be temporarily stored Volatile storage Mounted directly on main circuit board Many varieties Static random access memory (SRAM) Dynamic random access memory (DRAM) Double data rate synchronous dynamic random access memory (DDR SDRAM) Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. RAM and Cache (2 of 3) Cache memory High-speed memory Processor can access more rapidly than main memory Read-only memory (ROM) Nonvolatile memory providing permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. RAM and Cache (3 of 3) ROM varieties Programmable read-only memory (PROM) Holds data and instructions that can never be changed Electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) User-modifiable read-only memory Can be erased and reprogrammed repeatedly through the application of higher-than-normal electrical voltage Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Secondary Storage (1 of 3) Secondary storage Stores large amounts of data, instructions, and information More permanent than main memory Less expensive than primary memory Not directly accessible by the CPU Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Secondary Storage (2 of 3) Secondary storage devices Magnetic tape Hard disk drive (HDD) Redundant array of independent/inexpensive disks (RAID) Virtual tape Solid state secondary storage devices Solid state storage device (SSD) Stores data in memory chips Uses less power and provides faster data access No moving parts Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Secondary Storage (3 of 3) FIGURE 4.3 Robotic tape backup system The national center for atmospheric research uses a robotic tape backup system to back up a fleet of supercomputers that solve the world’s most computationally intensive climate-modeling problems. Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Input/Output Devices (1 of 4) Allows interaction with a computer system Common personal computer input devices Keyboard and a computer mouse Optical data readers Special scanning device to scan documents Optical mark recognition (OMR) Optical character recognition (OCR) Bar-code scanners Laser scanner reads a bar-coded label May be stationary or handheld Stair/Reynolds, Principles of Information Systems, 14th Edition. © 2021 Cengage. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned,