Assignment

Running Head: ASSIGNMENT 2: INVESTIGATING A NEOLITHIC DWELLING    1
ASSIGNMENT 2: INVESTIGATING A NEOLITHIC DWELLING            3
ASSIGNMENT 2: INVESTIGATING A NEOLITHIC DWELLING
Table of Contents
Introduction    3
Step 1: Background Research    3
Step 2: Archaeological Dig    5
Jarmo House Construction    7
Step 3: Analysing Data Architectural (Building Structural) Remains    7
Stone and Pottery Vessels (Remains)    9
Stone Artifacts    9
Bone's Artifacts    10
Figurines and Other Clay Objects    10
Human Figurines    10
Disposal of Dead    10
The Faunal Remains    10
The Floral Remains    11
Jarmo Chronology    11
Some Other Excavated Sites in the Zagros Region Ali Kosh    11
Step 4: The Report Essay    12
Professor Damluji: Notes on Archaeology    13
Professor Damluji: Notes on Sustainable Resources    13
Professor Damluji: Notes on Cultural Meaning of Architecture    14
Jarmo Today — Architecture of the Future    14
Conclusion    15
References    16
Introduction
As mentioned by Marghussian, Coningham and Fazeli (2017), Tauf is an Arabic word that refers to a simple mud development technique. Bunches of wet mud mixed with straw are stacked 3-4 inches high in a row, streamlined and let too dry in the sun for a day. Then another line is added and another and another, until a separator has been created. When the divider is finished, a mud mortar can be added to help secure it against rain.
One might assume that living in a mud house is inconvenient, but the thick mud dividers provide excellent protection, helping to keep the house cool in the summer and warm in the winter. The sun-evaporated mud can hold water for a short time, but it requires consistent support, especially when it rains frequently. Disintegration, particularly water disintegration, is a severe issue for Tauf homes.
As long as it was maintained each season, a Tauf house may last for 10–15 years or more before being reconstructed. Tauf is not widely used today, but it was used in Iraqi communities to construct nurseries and field dividers as early as the 1960s. After roughly 6,000 BC, sun-dried mud and straw blocks framed in wooden moulds became much more common in the Middle East (a similar material as Tauf, recently formed and utilized unexpectedly). For millennia, mudbrick was the most known architectural innovation in the Middle East and it was only newly displaced by cement and soot blocks in the twentieth century.
Step 1: Background Research
Jarmo was a small village in northern Iraq around 7,000 BC, located in the lower Zagros highlands. It is situated on a high real estate tract carved by deep stream gullies, containing a little spring. Although the climate and surroundings have changed since the Jarmo house's developers lived, archaeologists are still unsure how these factors have changed. Close to Jarmo, the average winter temperature is around 40 degrees Fahrenheit (with temperatures as low as 32 degrees Fahrenheit occasionally).
The average summer temperature is about 87 degrees Fahrenheit (with temperatures occasionally as high as 95 degrees Fahrenheit). Each year, there are approximately 22 crawls of rain. The climate in 7,000 BC was most likely a little cooler and a little wetter. Jarmo was surrounded by many wild flora and animals, which some archaeologists believe was an early target for taming. Jarmo's surroundings are uneven, with high mountains rising to the east. The most known trees in 7,000 BC were oak and pistachio. Sketchy trees and green clearings made up the scene. Several natural plants could have been used for food or medicine.
Wild sheep, goats, gazelles, deer, wild steers, wild pigs, onagers (wild jackasses), foxes, hedgehogs, lynx, badgers, otters, rabbits, snails and even lions or jaguars were among the creatures that inhabited Jarmo. Jarmo residents developed wheat and lentils for sustenance and raised dogs, lambs and goats in 7,000 BC. Furthermore, they ate some of the plants and animals mentioned above, including oak seeds, pistachios, deer, rabbit and snails.
The Jarmo mud dwellings were most likely only used for about 10-15 years before decomposing. It was vacated when it became too difficult even to consider fixing and maintaining the house. The roof usually collapsed quickly and then the partitions began to fall as well. Neighbours would occasionally use the demolished structure as a garbage dump. Free earth almost wholly covered the remaining dividers when the house was left alone for an extended time.
At times, residents would pound down the sections of the partition that were still standing and build a new home in the exact location. Regardless, the complex, sun-dried tauf or Mudbrick had a different consistency from the surrounding dirt, allowing archaeologists to dig carefully enough to find the impressions of the dividers and occasionally even the remains of partitions that stood a few feet tall. When inactive people build and rebuild their mud houses in the same area over time, the separated mud engineering from more seasoned places begins to form a fake slope known as a tell, defined as a hill containing the superimposed remnants of several historic towns. The town's level rises a little higher over the first ground level with each reconstruction. The height at Jarmo was around 5 meters (16 12 feet) above the sandstone, but some sites where numerous people lived for a long time can be more than 100 feet tall.
Robert Braidwood (1907–2003) was fascinated by Gordon Childe's and others' ideas on developments from the outset of his career. Following WWII, he began looking for a Near Eastern site to prove the "Neolithic disturbance." According to Childe's predictions, this was widely considered the transition from hunting and assembling to developing and grouping networks. As a result, this transition would address the critical stepping-stone to the eventual development of early metropolitan or city-state–based human civilization, which was likely triggered by ecological and population pressures.
Jarmo was a small village in Iraqi Kurdistan's northwest, on the "sloping sides" of the Zagros Mountains. Braidwood chose a geological zone where tamed ones covered wild assets and were cultivating without a water system was possible. The information obtained from such a position would differ from locations closer to the Euphrates and Tigris waterways. Braidwood discovered that this small village had been occupied by a group of between 100 and 150 people for a long time throughout the seventh thousand years BC. Paleobotanists, zoologists and geologists, radiocarbon and clay specialists formed a multidisciplinary team that could recover and study plant and creature proof alongside more traditional construction.
Step 2: Archaeological Dig
As mentioned by Lychagina and Vybornov (2017), the Iraqi Directorate of Antiquities discovered the site in 1940. The palaeontologist, Robert Braidwood of the University of Chicago Oriental Institute, became aware of it later. He was looking for a suitable location to investigate the Neolithic Revolution's beginnings at the time. Braidwood appeared in three seasons of the Iraq-Jarmo program in 1948, 1950–51 and 1954–55; a fourth mission, scheduled to be completed in 1958–59, was cancelled due to the 14 July Revolution.
Braidwood used an intriguing multidisciplinary approach during the unearthing in Jarmo in 1954–55, attempting to develop exploration techniques and explain the beginning of the taming of plants and creatures. Herbert Wright, a geologist,...