Portfolio of Statistical Exercises For this portfolio of statistical exercises you will be presented with FIVE research questions and datasets which you need to conduct the relevant statistical...

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Portfolio of Statistical Exercises

For this portfolio of statistical exercises you will be presented with FIVE research questions and datasets which you need to conduct the relevant statistical test(s) for and write-up the findings in an appropriate format. You should attempt each question. The mark that you receive will reflect how well you have answered
all
FIVE research questions and therefore missing any questions out will adversely affect you mark.
For each exercise requiring data analysis you are required to conduct and then report the findings of an appropriate analysis of the data provided in the reporting style that we have shown you. You should screen the data prior to any analyses and routinely report appropriate estimates of effect size and other relevant statistical information where appropriate. You should also include appropriate and clearly expressed hypotheses.
You should include any calculations and all relevant SPSS outputs (e.g.., data screening checks, analyses, etc) as appendices.
For each question/exercise you should include the following sections:


  • Hypothesis or hypotheses: This should be clearly written and explain what you are testing for based upon the description of the research question.

  • Results: As stated above, in this section you should justify your selection of the test used and write up the results in the reporting style you have been shown.

  • Discussion: There should be a brief (i.e., a paragraph) discussion of the findings of the results in light of the research question.

  • Appendix: Please include any calculations and all relevant SPSS outputs for the question at the end of the answer to the question (in other words, don’t have a single appendix at the end with all of the outputs for all of the questions – it makes it more difficult for us to check them for an assessment like this).




Exercise 1

An opportunity sample of 50 undergraduate students were asked to complete a series of personality questionnaires investigating the “Dark Triad” of personality (Lee & Ashton, 2005).
The average scores for each questionnaire and for each participant are recorded below. Each mean score ranges from 1 to 10, where 1 is low and 10 is high. The questionnaires record scores on “Psychopathy” (i.e., patterns of callousness, manipulation without remorse, and exploitative behaviour of others), “Machiavellianism” (i.e., manipulativeness, insincerity, callousness), and “Narcissism” (i.e., dominance, exhibitionism and exploitation of others).
The following data were obtained from the students:

























































































































































































































































































































Participant


Number

Psychopathy

Machiavellianism

Narcissism
17.449.136.50
28.897.778.87
37.078.286.20
47.177.387.27
57.809.626.00
69.239.529.13
75.099.724.32
89.659.579.32
98.558.428.55
106.587.026.59
117.385.957.32
127.778.645.20
137.187.977.21
147.828.027.80
157.897.677.83
169.519.789.60
178.389.788.38
188.345.958.24
199.418.749.36
207.239.347.23
218.997.088.76
227.849.537.65
234.486.703.56
249.038.407.89
257.407.446.93
263.938.833.85
277.245.467.24
286.798.796.56
298.718.287.65
307.586.377.42
318.886.148.88
328.156.378.20
338.119.918.00
349.079.168.90
357.707.037.12
367.148.427.23
378.769.048.69
387.748.387.74
397.458.967.42
409.276.889.21
417.506.397.48
429.807.676.56
437.438.697.43
448.367.098.32
458.486.068.51
466.977.135.30
478.799.718.71
488.389.105.36
498.097.487.98
508.507.358.23



Do Machiavellianism and Narcissism scores predict Psychopathy?


Exercise 2

A social psychologist was interested in examining the effect of being observed on sports performance, and if competition can interact with this. He suspected that competition and observation would both make the cyclists faster. He measured a group of professional cyclists on how fast they rode the same distance under a series of controlled conditions. All the cyclists did all of the conditions. They rode the same distance on their own, and being observed by an audience of 20 people. They also rode the same distance at the same time as another cyclist (i.e., just the two of them with no audience), and when they were both being observed by an audience of 20 people.
The following data were recorded from the cyclists (time in seconds to complete the distance):



































































































































Cycling on own

Cycling on own with an audience

Cycling in competition

Cycling in competition with an audience
412.93303.06290.69260.91
391.07301.38318.07243.60
391.47306.03328.87242.74
406.63306.74305.24257.32
384.64300.91332.42266.78
413.14300.30242.74250.07
405.98309.73294.53227.26
402.82301.31315.81246.67
374.01312.85263.66236.79
397.68302.35306.71242.75
388.59300.07294.62253.57
416.77296.77291.10276.61
384.35303.30323.66271.55
397.82303.60311.38246.61
425.90307.20284.27235.72
419.19307.41286.05256.43
416.16296.62312.04249.86
403.84331.47273.51262.71
405.68287.41301.60253.55
405.05297.05305.68266.64



Does observation and competition pressure make cycling performance improve?


Exercise 3

A health psychologist was interested to see if self-reported stress scores resulted in significantly different Cortisol measures.[1] She asked a sample of patients to complete a stress questionnaire and categorised them as either being “High Stress”, “Medium Stress”, or “Low Stress”, depending upon their responses on the questionnaire. She then measured their salivary Cortisol levels, which could range from 0 to 6 (the higher the number, the higher the Cortisol level – the measure can be assumed to be at least interval in nature).
The following data were obtained from the patients:














































































































High Stress

Medium Stress

Low Stress
3.8166221.0470121.792735
3.7917162.1469111.422288
4.1126852.0140231.675610
3.8779901.7999691.297839
4.1483952.4021531.745501
4.0944942.2324131.461551
4.2033151.9347521.348446
3.9690502.2986381.839337
3.6828001.4168701.338415
3.9224702.1881662.003368
3.9435572.0106981.146607
4.0959920.7582621.297852
4.2289551.7047942.570737
3.5945761.6113851.226470
4.2055551.7584211.813969
3.7206552.0380711.903663
3.6129992.2197171.234318
4.0186332.5826881.402865
4.1410843.0440530.577023
3.8166222.4278011.250202



Are there significant differences in the Cortisol levels of these three groups?


Exercise 4

A social cognition experiment was conducted in order to investigate individual differences between men and women with regard to face perception. In order to investigate this, males and females were shown normal and inverted (upside down) faces of famous people and they had to press a button when they recognised the face.
The following data were obtained from an opportunity sample of students (time of recognition in milliseconds):



























































































































































































































































Males recognising normal faces

Males recognising inverted faces

Females recognising normal faces

Females recognising inverted faces
373467317400
356479321435
337436322413
328459297424
327401297371
351447277424
339502324388
333509317415
350484295382
355483298443
332460291422
369466274428
317470281396
335485293393
374468334378
328501320404
334454286414
345496291413
339510298394
382453281395
345451328407
343434289423
372420279363
327448279425
341457312428
372470309343
334517286396
304491292395
362495312409
337482307383
312454243391
367452340365
352507285384
362437339387
354436313398
375446281388
352470304404
365492317392
374446293415
386463313400



Are there gender differences in the speed of recognising famous normal and inverted faces?


Exercise 5

Data was collected from 150 participants using a new short (seven item) questionnaire examining non-clinical paranoia (i.e., paranoia that is not to the level of representing a mental illness). The questions were measured on a five-point Likert scale and ranged from: 1 = “Not at all applicable to me” to 5 = “Extremely applicable to me”. The seven items were as follows:


  1. Someone has it in for me.

  2. I sometimes feel as if I’m being followed.

  3. I believe that I have often been punished without cause.

  4. Some people have tried to steal my ideas and take credit for them.

  5. My parents and family find more fault with me than they should.

  6. Someone has been trying to influence my mind.

  7. I am bothered by people outside, in cars, in stores, etc, watching me.



The data collected were as follows:




















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

Q6

Q7
1122221
4455435
3355422
3333311
3354332
3455332
4455554
4354442
4432211
3355531
5544445
3323211
3343323
3344444
3444412
3333222
2333332
2234213
1211515
3121112
3453434
2344115
3355441
4444423
3434432
2344442
3331311
3244211
5444431
4355551
4444422
5443221
4344443
3342312
3444442
3335431
3532211
3343213
3443422
4555533
3322215
4454445
2211115
4455543
4333432
4355532
4355543
3212211
4455545
1151111
3322221
5555555
3444231
3344332
3333321
3234211
3355551
2222331
3344321
3343111
3211111
3444432
5455533
3232215
3222111
3322221
3423323
3343223
1222223
4455543
3422221
3434421
1254333
3333312
3241115
3222221
4444222
5455555
2344423
3332322
4555555
3554455
3454434
3344442
3355553
3333322
3255533
3254554
3333111
5255551
3242122
4334421
2334312
4354535
2211115
3234221
1111111
3434442
5111155
2111111
2222111
4555455
3333211
4355554
3344422
3155332
2211111
3144225
3433331
2444431
4432224
3355322
2222111
4353312
5354211
2322211
4422221
3324411
4355533
3555553
4444412
3244421
4455533
3322111
2144215
3344435
5554335
4555552
3332212
3444321
3332221
1122121
2333212
1211111
1122111
2211111
2244321
4241111
3222112
3333311
2222111
1132211
3444441
3243322
3355524
1111111
5355555
3443215
3344321
2122211



Validate this scale by conducting and then reporting the findings of a questionnaire reliability analysis upon this data, optimising the scale and removing any items if required.


[1] Cortisol is a naturally occurring hormone which is released by the body in response to stress.
Answered Same DayDec 29, 2021

Answer To: Portfolio of Statistical Exercises For this portfolio of statistical exercises you will be presented...

Robert answered on Dec 29 2021
103 Votes
In a study of reading achievement researchers compared two methods of reading: (i) allowing the children to progress at their own pace while a teacher was available to answer questions (ii) a more traditional, formal method
Running head: Psychology Statistic Report
Exercise 1

An opportunity sample of 50 undergraduate students were asked to complete a series of
personality questionnaires investigating the “Dark Triad” of personality (Lee & Ashton, 2005).
The average scores for each questionnaire and for each participant are recorded below. Each
mean score ranges from 1 to 10, where 1 is low and 10 is high. The questionnaires record
scores on “Psychopathy” (i.e., patterns of callousness, manipulation without remorse, and
exploitative behaviour of others), “Machiavellianism” (i.e., manipulati
veness, insincerity,
callousness), and “Narcissism” (i.e., dominance, exhibitionism and exploitation of others).

The following data were obtained from the students:
Participant
Number Psychopathy Machiavellianism Narcissism
1 7.44 9.13 6.50
2 8.89 7.77 8.87
3 7.07 8.28 6.20
4 7.17 7.38 7.27
5 7.80 9.62 6.00
6 9.23 9.52 9.13
7 5.09 9.72 4.32
8 9.65 9.57 9.32
9 8.55 8.42 8.55
10 6.58 7.02 6.59
11 7.38 5.95 7.32
12 7.77 8.64 5.20
13 7.18 7.97 7.21
14 7.82 8.02 7.80
15 7.89 7.67 7.83
16 9.51 9.78 9.60
17 8.38 9.78 8.38
18 8.34 5.95 8.24
19 9.41 8.74 9.36
20 7.23 9.34 7.23
21 8.99 7.08 8.76
22 7.84 9.53 7.65
23 4.48 6.70 3.56
24 9.03 8.40 7.89
25 7.40 7.44 6.93
26 3.93 8.83 3.85
27 7.24 5.46 7.24
28 6.79 8.79 6.56
29 8.71 8.28 7.65
30 7.58 6.37 7.42
31 8.88 6.14 8.88
32 8.15 6.37 8.20
33 8.11 9.91 8.00
34 9.07 9.16 8.90
35 7.70 7.03 7.12
36 7.14 8.42 7.23
37 8.76 9.04 8.69
2
Participant
Number Psychopathy Machiavellianism Narcissism
38 7.74 8.38 7.74
39 7.45 8.96 7.42
40 9.27 6.88 9.21
41 7.50 6.39 7.48
42 9.80 7.67 6.56
43 7.43 8.69 7.43
44 8.36 7.09 8.32
45 8.48 6.06 8.51
46 6.97 7.13 5.30
47 8.79 9.71 8.71
48 8.38 9.10 5.36
49 8.09 7.48 7.98
50 8.50 7.35 8.23

Do Machiavellianism and Narcissism scores predict Psychopathy?
Introduction
The dark traid personality traits are three closely related yet independant
personality traits. The three traits are machiavellianism, a sub-clinical narcissism, and
sub-clinical psychopathy, a lack of empathy. This study projects the undergraduate
students to see whether they developed this type of personality traits.
Method
50 undergraduate students were asked to complete a series of personality
questionnaires investigating the “Dark Triad” of personality (Lee & Ashton, 2005).
The average scores for each questionnaire and for each participant are recorded
below. Each mean score ranges from 1 to 10, where 1 is low and 10 is high. The
questionnaires record scores on “Psychopathy” (i.e., patterns of callousness,
manipulation without remorse, and exploitative behaviour of others),
“Machiavellianism” (i.e., manipulativeness, insincerity, callousness), and
“Narcissism” (i.e., dominance, exhibitionism and exploitation of others).
3
Hypothesis or hypotheses
The following hypotheses are developed to analyse whether Machiavellianism
and Narcissism scores predict Psychopathy.
Null Hypothesis (Ho): The Machiavellianism and Narcissism scores are not able to
predict Psychopathy. In other words, the model is not significant.
Alternative Hypothesis (Ha): The Machiavellianism and Narcissism scores are able to
predict Psychopathy. In other words, the model is significant.
Results
We will use linear regression analysis to see whether Machiavellianism and
Narcissism scores predict Psychopathy. The model is significant at 5% level of
significance because the P-value of the ANOVA table is less than 0.05, so we will
reject the null hypothesis and we can conclude that the Machiavellianism and
Narcissism scores have significant linear relationship with Psychopathy. In other
words, the model is significant.
Discussion
The model is significant at 5% level of significance and this model explains the
69.5% of the variation in the Psychopathy which is explained by the
Machiavellianism and Narcissism. Narcissism is the only significant predictor of
Psychopathy at 5% level. Machiavellianism is not significant at 5% level because the
corresponding P-value is bigger than 0.05.
4
Appendix
Variables Entered/Removed
b

Model Variables Entered Variables Removed Method
dimension0
1 Narcissism,
Machiavellianism
a

. Enter
a. All requested variables entered.
b. Dependent Variable: Psychopathy
Model Summary
b

Model
R R Square Adjusted R Square
Std. Error of the
Estimate
dimension0
1 .834
a
.695 .682 .66990
a. Predictors: (Constant), Narcissism, Machiavellianism
b. Dependent Variable: Psychopathy
ANOVA
b

Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
1 Regression 48.104 2 24.052 53.596 .000
a

Residual 21.092 47 .449
Total 69.196 49
a. Predictors: (Constant), Narcissism, Machiavellianism
b. Dependent Variable: Psychopathy
Coefficients
a

Model
Unstandardized Coefficients
Standardized
Coefficients
t Sig. B Std. Error Beta
1 (Constant) 1.931 .813 2.376 .022
Machiavellianism .084 .077 .088 1.095 .279
Narcissism .708 .069 .830 10.302 .000
a. Dependent Variable: Psychopathy

5
6
Exercise 2

A social psychologist was interested in examining the effect of being observed on sports
performance, and if competition can interact with this. He suspected that competition and
observation would both make the cyclists faster. He measured a group of professional cyclists
on how fast they rode the same distance under a series of controlled conditions. All the
cyclists did all of the conditions. They rode the same distance on their own, and being
observed by an audience of 20 people. They also rode the same distance at the same time as
another cyclist (i.e., just the two of them with no audience), and when they were both being
observed by an audience of 20 people.

The following data were recorded from the cyclists (time in seconds to complete the
distance):
Cycling on
own
Cycling on own
with an
audience
Cycling in
competition
Cycling in
competition
with an
audience
412.93 303.06 290.69 260.91
391.07 301.38 318.07 243.60
391.47 306.03 328.87 242.74
406.63 306.74 305.24 257.32
384.64 300.91 332.42 266.78
413.14 300.30 242.74 250.07
405.98 309.73 294.53 227.26
402.82 301.31 315.81 246.67
374.01 312.85 263.66 236.79
397.68 302.35 306.71 242.75
388.59 300.07 294.62 253.57
416.77 296.77 291.10 276.61
384.35 303.30 323.66 271.55
397.82 303.60 311.38 246.61
425.90 307.20 284.27 235.72
419.19 307.41 286.05 256.43
416.16 296.62 312.04 249.86
403.84 331.47 273.51 262.71
405.68 287.41 301.60 253.55
405.05 297.05 305.68 266.64


Does observation and competition pressure make cycling performance improve?
Introduction
A sports athlete is completely dedicated to perform with the technical, tactical and
physical training to reach highest possible potential. There are many factors that
influence the sport performance of an athlete. Competition and presence of audiences
can be a booster to excel the performance of an athlete.
7
Method
A social psychologist was interested in examining the effect of being observed
on sports performance, and if competition can interact with this. He suspected that
competition and observation would both make the cyclists faster. He measured a
group of professional cyclists on how fast they rode the same distance under a series
of controlled conditions. All the cyclists did all of the conditions. They rode the same
distance on their own, and being observed by an audience of 20 people. They also
rode the same distance at the same time as another cyclist (i.e., just the two of them
with no audience), and when they were both being observed by an audience of 20
people.
Hypothesis or...
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