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Question 1
A process in the operating system can be defined as a program which is waiting for the execution. The execution of a process can be thought as the progress of sequential fashion. In simple terms we can write hours computer programs in the text files and then whenever we try to execute this program it will become a process which will perform all the task which are already mentioned in the program file. When the program is loaded into the memory then it behaves as the process and it will be further divided into 4 different sections. The different sections are stack, text, heap and the data. The stack can be defined as the temporary data like the parameters of method and function, local variables and the return address. The heap is dynamically allocated memory to the program when it is getting executed. The text is the current activity which is generally represented by the counter value of the program and the contains which are present in the register of the processor. The data is that section which contains all the static and global variables of the programme.
Question 2
For the compaction process all the chunks of the memory which are used are kept together and free memory chunks are kept together at some different location. It will help us to remove the fragmentation and also makes available a large chunk of the memory. As we can see that 400 came memory is free between P2 and P3 . We will shift P3 process upwards. Now we have some 700 K free memory between P3 and P4. So further compaction can be done. Before will be shifted upwards. Allocation will be done as follows.
0
    400K
    OS
    
    400K
    OS
    600K
    P1
    
    600K
    P1
    700K
    P2
    
    700K
    P2
    900K
    P3
    
    900K
    P3
    1300K
    400k
    
    1300K
    P4
    1600K
    300k
    
    1600K
    900k
    2000K
    P4
    
    2000K
    
    2200K
    200k
    
    2200K
    
Question 3
The processes can have 5 different states.
· New is the first stage of the process when the process is getting created.
· The next stage is the ready in which the process will have all the resources which are available for its execution but currently the CPU is not working as per the instructions of the process.
· Running is the 3rd stage of the process in which the CPU working on the instructions of process.
· Waiting is the 4th stage in which the process cannot get executed at the moment but it is present in the waiting list to get some resources which will be available or it is waiting for some event to take place. For example the process can be waiting for the input from keyboard, interprocess messages, child process to get finished, disk access request or a timer to go off.
· The last stage is the terminated stage in which the process will be completed.
The load average which is reported by the system indicates the average number of processes which are present in the ready state since last few minutes that is the process which are having everything required by them for the execution, but the CPU is currently busy in performing some other operation.
Question 4
CLI is used for the command line interface and it allows the user to put some commands associated with a degree in the console window or the terminal which he allows the user to interact with the operating system. It can be used as the platform or medium where the user will be answer for visible prompt by writing few commands and the system will send back the response. For this the user needs to be familiar with the kind command or train of command so that he can perform the task. It is suitable when we are using pricey computing and the input exactitude is the priority. It is difficult to use but needs low memory power. It needs interaction of the user through keyboard only but it does not allow to make any changes or modify the appearance. It has faster speed as compared to the graphical user interface.
GUI stands for graphical user interface. The GUI is generally used by the users as it provides graphical screen with which the user can interact with the operating system. When the user is...