Sample assessment tool -- Observation and demonstration checklist Knowledge questions Part A – Short-answer questions: 1. Identify two (2) factors that may affect the self esteem of a person with...

Sample assessment tool -- Observation and demonstration checklist
Knowledge questions

Part A – Short-answer questions:

1. Identify two (2) factors that may affect the self-esteem of a person with diabetes mellitus. Briefly describe how these factors affect their self-esteem and self-management of diabetes mellitus.
Diabetes has been known to cause lower self-esteem in people and two factors that can be related to it is diabetes stigma, puberty and development among young adults. Self-esteem is known to be a barrier for self-management. There is stigma associated with diabetes, which arises due to negative attitudes from people such as discrimination based on age, gender and other physical characteristics (Carroll, Tiggemann & Wade, 1999). It also refers to blame, prejudice and rejection from people that all leads to a lower self-esteem. Due to diabetes young adults’ puberty and development gets affected. Their body shape gets impacted which leads to obesity stigma and such people displays worst outcomes of self-management.
Source:
Carroll, P., Tiggemann, M., & Wade, T. (1999). The role of body dissatisfaction and bingeing in the self-esteem of women with type II diabetes. Journal of Behavioural Medicine, 22(1), 59-74
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2. Identify and briefly describe three (3) issues related to diabetes care delivery and diabetes related services (Hint: client specific, political and cultural issues).
Client specific issues are related to certain delays in appointments because of long waiting lists of patients or patients urge to see the same doctor at every visit due to avoidance of repeating history each time. Political issues arise when inadequately qualified staff are not replaced in the public healthcare sector, due to policy makers, who want to make it big in the sector. Otherwise, it occurs when due to low government salaries doctors prefer setting up their own clinics resulting in shut down of public sector services affecting the overall quality of diabetes care delivery (Fried, 2021). Cultural issues are observed in facilitating diabetes care to Aboriginal population because of varying cultural backgrounds of the healthcare providers such as different language, culture, caste and race. Major concern is the communication between both the parties.
Source:
Fried, O. (2021). Cross cultural issues in the medical management and nursing care of terminally ill Aboriginal people in Central Australia
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3. Briefly describe the environmental and social factors contributing to diabetes mellitus in the Australian general population.
Environmental determinants are known to play a large role in developing diabetes in people. Exposure to air pollutants such as particulate matters, nitrogen oxides are known to increase risk of developing type 2 diabetes in residents of Australia. Environmental factors such as air water and soil pollution, unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity are all the key factors contributing to diabetes. Consumption of foods with high glycaemic index such as fried foods, pasta, fast foods and aerated drinks are major contributors (Dendup, Feng, Clingan & Astell-Burt, 2018). Social determinants includes low income, poor living conditions, unemployment, stressful environment and access to healthy and nutritious foods.
Source:
Dendup, T., Feng, X., Clingan, S., & Astell-Burt, T. (2018). Environmental risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review. International journal of environmental research and public health, 15(1), 78
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4. Briefly describe the factors involved with higher rates of diabetes mellitus experienced by Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people.
Aboriginal people are known to have a higher rate of diabetes due to several factors such as low socio-economic background, limited resources, psychosocial pathways leading to stress, depression, anxiety, unemployment, poverty and limited capacity for self-care and mundane lifestyles. The aboriginal have a higher rate of obesity and the physical activity in them is much diminished (Crowshoe et al., 2018). They are known to live a traditional lifestyle with diets rich in sugar, fats and low in fibrous content and nutritious content. Alcohol and cigarette smoking is largely prevalent in this community, all these factors contributes to the high incidence of diabetes.
Source:
Crowshoe, L., Dannenbaum, D., Green, M., Henderson, R., Hayward, M. N., & Toth, E. (2018). Type 2 diabetes and Indigenous peoples. Canadian journal of diabetes, 42, S296-S306
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5. Briefly describe the significance of the National Diabetes Services Scheme (NDSS) in supporting and delivering diabetes care to Australians.
The main aim of NDSS is to support people of Australia living with diabetes and enhance their quality of life by minimizing negative impacts of diabetes. NDSS is funded by the Australian government and seven states and territories receives health service delivery through it. NDSS is known to provide subsidies in buying syringes, needles, urine test strips, blood glucose test strips as well as Continuous Glucose Monitoring (CMG) products (Olson et al., 2021). It is also known to provide home delivery of medicines to vulnerable populations free of cost. Diabetes Self-Management and Support Programs (DSMES) are also provided by NDSS which helps the diabetic people in improving their quality of life and living well with diabetes.
Source:
Olson, J. L., White, B., Mitchell, H., Halliday, J., Skinner, T., Schofield, D., ... & Watson, N. (2021). The Design of an Evaluation Framework for Diabetes Self-Management Education and Support Programs Delivered Nationally.
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6. Briefly describe the role of Diabetes Australia in supporting and delivering diabetes care to Australians.
Approximately 2.5 million dollars are spent annually by Diabetes Australia. It is a non-profit organisation, which is funded by the community and works towards extending support programs, conducting research. It creates public awareness by being committed to provide better standards of care for the people. It emphasises on promoting better care models that will help in screening, management, detection, control and create awareness of diabetes (Lo et al., 2018). It also provides patient-centred education to prevent chronic kidney disease and dietary information for diabetes as well as CKD. It focuses on care models that will reduce the patient’s hospitalization stay and improve target ailments such as blood pressure, self-efficacy dyslipidaemia and their quality of life.
Source:
Lo, C., Zimbudzi, E., Teede, H., Cass, A., Fulcher, G., Gallagher, M., ... & Zoungas, S. (2018). Models of care for co‐morbid diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Nephrology, 23(8), 711-717
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7. Discuss the role of General Practitioners in supporting and delivering diabetes care.
General practitioners have a major role to play in diabetes management and are often the first point of contact. Their role is crucial in the remote locations of Australia because of the limited resources and access to healthcare services. The GPs are known to be engaged in educational programs such as diabetes counselling, education, prevention and interventions (Jakimowic, Williams & Stankiewicz, 2017). They are known to organise appointments for pertaining diabetes related education to people and provide specialist services to a wide population. They are also involved in multidisciplinary care programs for patients with chronic diabetes and kidney diseases.
Source:
Jakimowic, M., Williams, D., & Stankiewicz, G. (2017). A systematic review of experiences of advanced practice nursing in general practice. BMC nursing, 16(1), 1-12
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8. Discuss the role of an endocrinologist in supporting and delivering diabetes care.
Endocrinologist are the specialists that treats people having a hormonal disorder such as in diabetes and thyroid. They have a thorough understanding of the latest treatments of diabetes and works closely with patient’s doctor in providing diabetes care. Since diabetes is related to insulin production which is hormonal endocrinologist diagnoses normal functioning of the pancreas and management of disease in complex situations (Sekiou & Benselhoub, 2019). They have great deal of knowledge in biochemical processes that takes place in body during diabetes and provides medications accordingly. They provide dietary recommendations to the patients, monitors glucose levels and HbAc and guide them on adopting lifestyle modifications.
Source:
Sekiou, O., & Benselhoub, A. (2019). Investigation of Endocrinologist and Patients Opinion about Efficiency and Safety of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Treatment. Bulletin of Engineering, 12(2), 79-86
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9. Briefly describe the role of National Association of Diabetes Centres (NADC) in supporting and delivering diabetes care to Australians.
Association of Diabetes (ADC) runs operations of NADC and it is not funded by any organisation as such. However, it depends upon sponsorships and grants obtained from members of the association. They have four diabetes centres all over Australia and they are known to provide best practice in diabetic centres. They provide improved health outcomes, use of technology, literacy of patient to manage diabetes, integrated care as well as self-management.
NADC supports strategies working towards implementation of NDS (National Diabetes Strategy) (Pease et al., 2021). It is also involved in supporting Australian Diabetic Foot care among patients in partnership with ADS and provides services in raising awareness of foot care problems, improving standards for Diabetic High Risk Foot Care Centres (DHRFC) and initiating geographic mapping of DHRFC all across Australia.
Source:
Pease, A., Szwarcbard, N., Earnest, A., Andrikopoulos, S., Wischer, N., & Zoungas, S. (2021). Glycaemia and utilisation of technology across the lifespan of adults with type 1 diabetes: Results of the Australian National Diabetes Audit (ANDA). Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 171, 108609
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10. Briefly describe how you could identify the family or carer’s understanding of and involvement in a person’s diabetes care.
A major part of diabetic patient’s management is known to take place in their family and the home environment. Family members can participate in actively supporting the patients by managing diabetes at home in several ways such as driving them to appointment with doctors, helping them in injecting insulin, providing emotional support to help them cope with the disease, providing the patient moral education on importance of exercises and eating healthy foods. This is known to improve their self-care behaviours and even improve their BGL. Stress management can be better controlled by having open talks with family members, which is known to improve patient’s quality of life and improved health outcomes (Baig, Benitez, Quinn & Burnet, 2015).
Source:
Baig, A. A., Benitez, A., Quinn, M. T., & Burnet, D. L. (2015). Family interventions to improve diabetes outcomes for adults. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1353(1), 89-112
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11. Why is it important to understand the family or carer’s understanding of and involvement in the person’s diabetes care?
It is important to understand a family’s care of diabetes towards a patient because if there are barriers, it may affect the patient’s quality of life and the outcome will be limited access to care and higher blood glucose levels. The family must be equipped with problem solving skills that will help reduce stress in patients in relation to disease management. Family must accept lifestyle changes that will be beneficial to diabetic patients such as cooking food in different style, attend clinic with patient, engaging in sports or physical activities that will help patient manage the disease (Song, Dennis, Levesque & Harris, 2019). Non-supportive behaviours by family members may result in poor adherence to medications, unhealthy food uptake and other depressive symptoms overall affecting the quality of care in diabetes.
Source:
Song, H. J., Dennis, S., Levesque, J. F., & Harris, M. F. (2019). What matters to people with chronic conditions when accessing care in Australian general practice? A qualitative study of patient, carer, and provider perspectives. BMC family practice, 20(1), 1-13
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Part B – Case Study Questions:

1. James is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. He started taking T. Metformin as prescribed by the doctor. James stopped taking the medication, as his blood glucose level was found normal for a week. James had a busy week at work for the next three weeks and had some stressful situations in his personal life. Three weeks later, James found that his BGL has increased...