Text Book:
Anthropology14th edition by Carol R. Ember, Melvin R. Ember, and Peter N. Peregrine: Pearson: Upper Saddle River, N.J.
ISBN -- 9780134041803
Sorry, I can't provide the text book.
Part I:
Referring to the attachments,compare the ancestor's growth from infant to adult with the hypermorphosis(grows for a longer time) growth from infant to adult in terms of their physical features. (One brief paragraph [3-4 sentences] and one brief paragraph [3-4 sentences] responding to the following post( I'll post it tomorrow).
Part II:
Referring to the Ember, et al. textbook Chapter 3, explain how directional selection in the speckled moth occurred in England in the
1800s.Write one brief paragraph (3-4 sentences) in your own words.
Creation Creation Bishop Usher Age of the Earth The Earth was created in 4004 B.C., according to Scripture, as calculated by Bishop Usher. Monday, October 23, 4004, at 9 am, to be exact. Erasmus Darwin FRENCH REVOLUTION Lamarck Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics Lyell Age of the Earth According to geology, the Earth is millions of years old This was established by Lyell’s uniformitarianism Malthus Malthusianism Charles Darwin H.M.S. Beagle Wallace Origin of Species NATURAL SELECTION – Darwin and Wallace THERE IS VARIATION WITHIN SPECIES; SOME INDIVIDUALS ARE MORE ADAPTED TO THEIR ENVIRONMENT THAN OTHERS; “STRUGGLE FOR EXISTENCE” FOR LIMITED RESOURCES; THOSE THAT ARE BETTER ADAPTED SURVIVE AND REPRODUCE MORE SUCCESSFULLY; THOSE WITH MORE OFFSPRING CHANGE THE COMPOSITION OF THE POPULATION Natural Selection Creation GREGOR MENDEL – FATHER OF GENETICS Mendelian Genetics MENDEL’S LAW OF DOMINANCE AND LAW OF SEGREGATION MODERN GENETICS ANTHROPOLOGISTS STUDY GENETICS TO LEARN ABOUT THE SOURCE OF VARIATION, WHICH FUELS EVOLUTION. GENETIC CHANGES OCCUR FROM ONE GENERATION TO THE NEXT GENERATION, ARISING FROM MUTATIONS IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND CELL DIVISION, AND FROM RECOMBINATION DURING MEIOSIS DNA MOLECULE- THE BLUEPRINT OF LIFE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS A TWO-STEP PROCESS TO PRODUCE THE STRUCTURES, ENZYMES AND HORMONES OF THE BODY STEP 1 – TRANSCRIPTION TAKES PLACE IN THE NUCLEUS – MESSENGER RNA (mRNA) ASSEMBLES DNA – PROTEIN SYNTHESIS PROTEIN SYNTHESIS STEP 2 - TRANSLATION TAKES PLACE OUTSIDE THE NUCLEUS, AT THE RIBOSOME MESSENGER RNA MEETS TRANSFER RNA (tRNA), LINKING TOGETHER AMINO ACIDS DNA – PROTEIN SYNTHESIS POINT MUTATIONS LOCALIZED MUTATIONS ON DNA – ADDITIONS, DELETIONS, AND SUBSTITUTIONS OF BASES – MAY HAVE NO EFFECT OR MAJOR EFFECTS ON PROTEIN SYNTHESIS PRODUCTS “THE ULTIMATE SOURCE OF VARIATION” CHROMOSOMES CELL DIVISION - MITOSIS CELL DIVISION - MEIOSIS CHROMOSOMAL MUTATIONS AND RECOMBINATION DURING MEIOSIS, HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES ENTANGLE INTO “TETRADS”; EXCHANGE OF SEGMENTS OF CHROMOSOMES OCCURS, KNOWN AS “CROSSING OVER”, “UNEQUAL CROSSING OVER”. THIS PRODUCES VARIATION RECOMBINATION OF CHROMOSOMES DURING MEIOSIS PRODUCES VARIATION CHANGE IN POPULATIONS’ GENE FREQUENCIES NATURAL SELECTION = DIRECTIONAL SELECTION (EVOLUTIONARY) (gene frequency changes in the population) STABILIZING SELECTION (NON-EVOLUTIONARY) (no gene frequency changes in the population) DISRUPTIVE SELECTION (EVOLUTIONARY) (gene frequency changes – two populations form) NATURAL SELECTION GENETIC DRIFT RANDOM FLUCTUATIONS OF GENE FREQUENCIES ARISING FROM RANDOM RECOMBINATIONS OF CHROMOSOMES DURING MEIOSIS FOUNDER EFFECT – A SAMPLING ERROR, IN WHICH ONLY A PORTION OF A POPULATION’S VARIATION IS REPRESENTED IN A NEW LOCATION FOUNDER EFFECT GENE FLOW THE MOVEMENT OF GENES TO MAINTAIN A SPECIES INTEGRITY INTERRUPTIONS IN GENE FLOW MAY LEAD TO SPECIATION (TWO OR MORE NEW SPECIES) GENE FLOW NO GENE FREQUENCY CHANGE OVER TIME IF THERE IS NO MUTATION, NATURAL SELECTION, GENETIC DRIFT, OR GENE FLOW, AND IF THERE IS A LARGE, RANDOMLY MATING POPULATION, THEN, THE CONDITION IS KNOWN AS HARDY-WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM THIS IS A CONDITION OF NO EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE, WHICH IS RARE (WHEN THERE IS NO VARIATION) Creation WHAT IS A SPECIES? A SPECIES IS A POPULATION OF ORGANISMS THAT CAN INTERBREED (THERE IS GENE FLOW THROUGHOUT) AND PRODUCE FERTILE OFFSPRING; IF ORGANISMS SYMPATRIC (same location) AND SYNCHRONIC (same time period), IT IS FAIRLY EASY TO DETERMINE. IF THEY ARE NOT, IT IS UNCERTAIN IF ORGANISMS ARE PART OF THE SAME SPECIES. SPECIATION – THE EVOLUTION OF NEW SPECIES CLADOGENESIS – NEW SPECIES BY BRANCHING INTO SYNCHRONIC GROUPS. THIS IS DUE TO REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION (e.g., extinction of a geographically intermediate population, or a morphologically intermediate population) ANAGENESIS – NEW SPECIES BY EXTREME CHANGE OVER TIME CLADOGENESIS AND ANAGENESIS CLADOGENESIS AND ANAGENESIS EVO-DEVO-ECO Powerpoint 1 History of Evolutionary Theory: From Creation to Darwin and Wallace In Powerpoint #1 (From Creation to Darwin and Wallace) we see that the impulse to explain our origins precedes modern evolutionary science. The Biblical story of Creation in the Book of Genesis is fairly naturalistic compared to the creation stories of other cultures. As such, it was viewed as a source of genuine history, and the age of the Earth could be calculated by working backward from known dates of kings and pharaohs back through genealogies. Bishop Usher of Ireland, in the 1600s, set the creation of the Earth at 4004 B.C./B.C.E. (someone else decided it was on a Monday at 9am). In the 1700s, the rate of social change increased and saw the expansion of science and other knowledge. Erasmus Darwin was both a poet and scientist who, like some contemporaries, was thinking about evolution at a time when the French, American and Industrial Revolutions were brewing. Since society, which had been stagnant for centuries in Europe, was changing, it became thinkable that life forms, too, could change over time. The Frenchman Jean Baptiste de Lamarck tried to discover the process by which physical changes occurred over time; he proposed the idea that traits acquired during an organism's lifetime (such as a short-necked giraffe stretching its neck to reach the top of trees) could be transmitted to the next generation. This is now known to be generally untrue, but it was a beginning. At the same time, the science of geology was beginning. Charles Lyell's "Principles of Geology" inferred the great age of the Earth, in millions of years, rather than in thousands of years; the concept of uniformitarianism (that what we see today occurred in the past) proved this as geological actions of deposition and erosion today could be seen in the deep layers of the Earth. This ancient Earth "opens the door" to biological evolution, giving it time to work. Late in the 1700s, Robert Malthus wrote an essay about how human populations were likely to increase faster than the food supply, leading to a crisis at some point. All these developments set the scene for two men: Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace to discover one of the most important mechanisms by which evolution operates. Observing variation in life forms (Darwin in South America and the Galapagos Islands and Wallace in Indonesia), and influenced by both Lyell and Malthus, both men developed the concept of Natural Selection: that populations change as some individuals in a species survive and reproduce more successfully than others. (see slideshow). Powerpoint 2 History of Evolutionary Theory: Mendel and Microevolution In Powerpoint #2 (Microevolution), we can see that Gregor Mendel, the Austrian monk from the mid-1800s, conducted controlled experiments with a large sample of pea plants, and produced important laws as a result. The most important is the Law of Segregation, which states that particles of inheritance (which we now call genes) are inherited in pairs, then segregate (separate) and recombine in the next generation. He inferred this from the reappearance of a trait (ex., white flowers) in the F2 (second filial or "grandchld") generation which was not observed in the previous generation (F1). This trait, therefore. was only hidden, not lost. Only particles (genes) could behave that way. These "particles" were the genes on chromosomes, discovered in the twentieth century. The DNA molecule inside the nucleus of each cell provides the instruction for the synthesis of proteins, as we see in Powerpoint #2 as a two-step process, transcription (copying the DNA message to messenger RNA, which then leaves the nucleus) and translation (meeting of the messenger RNA and transfer RNA so that transfer RNA can link amino acids) into proteins. We then see that mutations in the DNA molecule may lead to changes in the protein synthesized; this is a source of variation in the population (necessary for evolution). We also see variation produced at the chromosomal level during meiosis (cell division for the production of sperm and egg cells, as distinguished from mitosis, cell division of somatic [body] cells) in two ways. First, there is exchange of pieces of chromosomes ("crossing over")