Accountability for NGOsINTERNATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEMSHEALTH SYSTEMS FEATURESPersonal and public health service provisionHealthcare workforceAccess to essential medications and...

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The assignment and instructions are attached in the word doc file. I selected Healthcare cause it was nearest to global health - The correct subject is "Global Health"


Accountability for NGOs INTERNATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEMS HEALTH SYSTEMS FEATURES Personal and public health service provision Healthcare workforce Access to essential medications and technologies Health information system Health financing system Oversight Adapted from Birn A-E, Pillay Y, Holtz TH. Textbook of International Health. New Yo rk: Oxford University Press; 2009. CATEGORIZATION OF APPROACHES TO SELECTED HEALTH SYSTEM National Health InsuranceNational Health ServicePluralistic Health as a RightFundamentalFundamentalHealth as a personal good Ownership of facilitiesVast majority public and private, not-for-profitOverwhelmingly publicPublic, Private, for-profit and private, not-for-profit Employment of ProvidersLargely privateThe health service and privateLargely private Form of InsuranceLargely government single payers and firms working with governmental schemesOverwhelmingly public insurance linked to the health servicePublic insurance and private, for-profit and private, not- for-profit with substantial numbers lacking insurance Financing of InsuranceSome based on individual premiums, others based on employee and employer payroll taxes, some are tax basedOverwhelmingly tax- basedTaxes, employer and employee insurance contributions, individual purchase out of insurance and out-of-pocket Country ExamplesFrance, Canada, Japan, GermanyUnited KingdomIndia, Nigeria, Philippines, USA Challenge of health policy making in the 21st century Healthcare is one part of the society that is always under some degree of scrutiny and regulations – thereby affecting health policy directly or indirectly. Medicine within social organizations Policy-making challenges Analysis of micro and macro models 4 MICRO AND MACRO MODELS The political process In the most fundamental way, health policy making is a political process. Most policy making usually involves governmental and NGOs and individuals. Micro and macro frameworks Analogous to economics Health policy making can be usefully described using both micro and macro framework, just like in economics. 5 MICRO POLICY MAKING Characteristics of the policy marketplace model         ⚫ Assumption Marketplace assumes that individuals and groups are constantly interacting to satisfy their needs Policy actors All policy actors are both suppliers and demanders because they must exchange some commodity in the marketplace to purchase the other goods that they want. Disparities in power Just like in economics, individuals and groups that can supply more can demand more in exchange. Currency used The currency used in exchanges can be money, but it can include superior leadership, more effective organization, access to and greater articulation through communications media and greater group member willingness to exert great efforts in order to advance the interests of the group. Impact of governmental regulation To gain control over their relevant areas of the marketplace, NGOs will attempt to forge enduring alliances with governmental agencies. 6 Macro Policy Making - The policy systems model Complexity Interrelatedness Cyclical processes 7 MACRO POLICY MAKING – THE POLICY SYSTEMS MODEL Longest’s model of health policy development Recognition of inputs Policy formation Policy outputs Implementation Outcomes Feedback & subsequent modifications 8 CONVERGENCE OF PROBLEMS AND RESPONSES 9 Cost containment Access to care Disadvantaged subpopulations Informal payments (bribes; corruption) Political instability Impact of new technologies Cost and complexity Balance between old and new Economic and ethical conflict CONVERGENCE OF PROBLEMS AND RESPONSES Quality of care considerations Technologic complexity Enable the aggregation of data New information technology Measuring health outcomes Potential benefit of health IT Consensus about existing problems US system expensive, wasteful, unsustainable 10 CONVERGENCE OF PROBLEMS AND RESPONSES Sustainability Growing financial stress on public and private sectors Achieving sustainability Quest for common ground Digital backbone Incentive realignment Quality and safety standardization Resource deployment Innovation Adaptability 11 NATURE OF TRADEOFFS, IDEOLOGY, AND ETHICS Tradeoffs Source Importance Economic efficiency and political equity Prioritizing efficiency and equity 12 NATURE OF TRADEOFFS, IDEOLOGY, AND ETHICS Tradeoffs Political obstacles Expectations of the populace Ethical and ideological disagreements Social experimentation without public consultation Undeveloped “rule of law” 13 NATURE OF TRADEOFFS, IDEOLOGY, AND ETHICS 14 Tradeoffs Components of justice Justice has both individual and social component. Ethical health policy making implies an acceptance of individual autonomy In health policy making, the social component is reflected primarily in the debate over distributive justice or the fairness in the distribution of health benefits and burden in society. Egalitarian view of justice where equal access to health services for all citizens, regardless of income or class is of central importance. Libertarian perspective There is also a libertarian perspective of fairness that would argue against Egalitarianism. POLICY-MAKING AROUND THE WORLD Assessment of ability address challenges Assessment of sustainability of US system No reform will lead to de facto rationing Reform faces significant political problems Something major will occur in the next one or two decades 15 POLICY-MAKING AROUND THE WORLD Equating national health service with rationing Situation in developing countries Political instability Social inequality Immature economies 16 OVERALL HEALTH SYSTEM PERFORMANCE RANKING, SELECTED COUNTRIES Data from WHO. The World Health Report 2000, Annex Table 1. Geneva. 2000. COUNTRYPerformance Ranking Afghanistan173 Argentina75 Bangladesh88 Bolivia126 Canada30 China144 Costa Rica36 Cuba39 Denmark34 Dominican Republic51 Egypt63 France1 Germany25 Ghana135 COUNTRYPerformance Ranking Haiti138 India112 Jordan83 Mexico61 Morocco29 Nepal150 Pakistan122 Philippines60 South Africa175 Sri Lanka76 Turkey70 United States of America37 Vietnam160 Zambia182 ECONOMICS OF HEALTH SYSTEMS Health services and payment models Most high-income countries have a government-sponsored healthcare system The U.S. has a (mostly) privately-sponsored healthcare system (except for Medicare, etc.) Low-income countries have a mix of public and private providers that require out-of- pocket payment at the time of service Public and Private approaches to healthcare funding and coverage PERSONAL HEALTHCARE COSTS High-income countries spend more than low-income countries on health care Low-income countries generally require the highest financial contributions from patients (both as a % of healthcare costs and as a % of household income) Total expenditure on health per capita in U.S. $ in 2009 Source: Kaiser Family Foundation Health Consumption Expenditures per Capita, US Dollars, 2017 Source: Kaiser Family Foundation Health Consumption Expenditures as Percent of GDP, 1970 - 2017 Expenditure on health by governmental and private sources in 2009 PAYING FOR PUBLIC HEALTH Global public health is funded by a variety of contributors Global health funding is about more than the global rich aiding the global poor Global health funding aims to address shared health concerns and achieve mutual goals GOVERNMENT FUNDS The majority of public health initiatives around the world are funded by the governments providing those services Sources of funding for the health system in 2010 BILATERAL AID Bilateral aid:money given directly from one country to another Major donor nations (>$10 billion each in 2010): United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan Major donor nations as % GNI (>0.8%): Norway, Luxembourg, Sweden, Denmark, Netherlands, United States: <0.2% gni="" the="" world="" bank="" &="" imf="" multilateral="" aid:="" money="" pooled="" from="" many="" donors="" and="" given="" as="" loans="" that="" have="" to="" be="" repaid="" or="" as="" grants="" (gifts)="" world="" bank:="" makes="" loans="" to="" developing="" countries,="" usually="" for="" infrastructure="" projects="" imf="" (international="" monetary="" fund):="" makes="" loans="" to="" any="" country="" that="" could="" not="" otherwise="" pay="" the="" interest="" on="" their="" other="" loans="" heavily="" indebted="" poor="" countries="" (hipc)="" initiative="" aims="" to="" forgive="" some="" loans="" private="" foundations="" private="" foundations="" are="" making="" an="" increasingly="" significant="" contribution="" to="" spending="" on="" global="" public="" health="" example:="" the="" bill="" &="" melinda="" gates="" foundation="" provides="" more="" than="" $1="" billion="" each="" year="" to="" support="" health="" technologies="" businesses="" pharmaceutical="" companies="" donate="">$1 billion in products each year Other companies make in-kind and monetary donations as part of their corporate social responsibility plans PERSONAL DONATIONS Millions of individuals make donations each year Americans donated nearly $300 billion to charity in 2011 73% from individuals rather than foundations or corporations Represents about 2% of disposable income TOTAL HEALTH EXPENDITURE AS A % OF GDP AND PRIVATE EXPENDITURE ON HEALTH AS A % OF TOTAL EXPENDITURE OF HEALTH, SELECTED COUNTRIES, 2009 Data from WHO. Global Health Observatory. Health expenditure ratios. COUNTRYHealth care Expenditure as % of GDPPrivate Health Expenditure as % of Total Healthcare ExpenditureCOUNTRYHealth care Expenditure as % of GDPPrivate Health Expenditure as % of Total Healthcare Expenditure Indonesia2.448.2Haiti6.177.9 Pakistan2.667.2Vietnam7.261.3 Bangladesh3.468.3Sudan7.372.6 Philippines3.865.1Afghanistan7.478.5 Sri Lanka4.054.8Israel7.641.1 India4.267.2South Africa8.559.9 Thailand4.324.2Australia8.532.3 Kenya4.366.2Brazil9.054.3 Peru4.641.4Jordan9.335.4 Egypt5.058.9Ireland9.720.4 Cameroon5.672.1Costa Rica10.532.6 Nepal5.864.7Denmark11.213.6 Cambodia5.872.7France11.720.8 Nigeria5.863.7Cuba11.86.9 Dominican Republic5.958.6United States16.251.4 Research Discussion Post International Health System “Global Health” Assignment & Instructions Research Discussion TOPIC Question: - Discuss how health policy making is a political process? To receive credit:  Must be 500 words of actual text _____________________________________________________________________________________
Answered Same DayFeb 05, 2023

Answer To: Accountability for NGOsINTERNATIONAL HEALTH SYSTEMSHEALTH SYSTEMS FEATURESPersonal and public...

Dipali answered on Feb 06 2023
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WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT        2
WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT
Table of contents
Discussion    3
References    6
Discussion
    Making health policy is a difficult and dynamic political proces
s that encompasses many different parties, interests, and viewpoints. The first step in the process is to identify a health problem or need, after which several policy choices are developed to address the issue. Stakeholders, such as government organizations, advocacy groups, healthcare providers, and the general public, who each bring their own political and ideological viewpoints to the table, then discuss and The political process of health policy making is influenced by a number of factors, including negotiate these policy possibilities.
There are several aspects that affect the political process of developing health policy, including:
· Ideology: Political ideology plays a significant role in shaping health policy. For example, those on the political left may advocate for a larger role for the government in healthcare, while those on the political right may prefer a more market-based approach.
· Interest groups: Interest groups, such as advocacy organizations and professional associations, play an important role in influencing health policy. They may lobby for specific policies or regulations, or against policies that they perceive as harmful to their interests (García, 2019).
· Power dynamics: The distribution of political power can also affect health policy making. For example, the political party in power may prioritize certain health issues over others, or may be more open to certain policy options than others may.
· Public opinion: Public opinion also plays a role in...
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