IHP 330 Module Two Worksheet Measuring Disease A causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was first suspected in the 1920s on the basis of clinical observations. To test this...

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TheModule Two Worksheetwill help you practice calculating factors in relation to measuring disease. Calculations include odds ratio, mortality rates, incidence, and prevalence. You will also be determining trends and patterns. Complete the Module Two worksheet.TheModule Three Worksheetwill allow you to draw connections between a population and a disease. Complete the Module Three worksheet







IHP 330 Module Two Worksheet Measuring Disease A causal relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer was first suspected in the 1920s on the basis of clinical observations. To test this apparent association, numerous epidemiologic studies were undertaken between 1930 and 1960. Two studies were conducted by Richard Doll and Austin Bradford Hill in Great Britain. The first was a case-control study begun in 1947 comparing the smoking habits of lung cancer patients with the smoking habits of other patients. The second was a cohort study begun in 1951 recording causes of death among British physicians in relation to smoking habits. This case study deals first with the case-control study, then with the cohort study. Data for the case-control study were obtained from hospitalized patients in London and vicinity over a four-year period (April 1948 – February 1952). Initially, 20 hospitals, and later more, were asked to notify the investigators of all patients admitted with a new diagnosis of lung cancer. These patients were then interviewed concerning smoking habits, as were controls selected from patients with other disorders (primarily nonmalignant) who were hospitalized in the same hospitals at the same time. Data for the cohort study were obtained from the population of all physicians listed in the British Medical Register who resided in England and Wales as of October 1951. Information about present and past smoking habits was obtained by questionnaire. Information about lung cancer came from death certificates and other mortality data recorded during ensuing years. Over 1700 patients with lung cancer, all under age 75 were eligible for the case-control study. About 15% of these persons were not interviewed because of death, discharge, severity of illness, or inability to speak English. An additional group of patients were interviewed by later excluded when initial lung cancer diagnosed proved mistaken. The final study group included 1,465 cases (1,357 males and 108 females). The following table shows the relationship between cigarette smoking and lung cancer among male cases and controls: Table 1 Cases Controls Cigarette Smoker 1,350 1,296 Nonsmoker 7 61 Total 1,357 1,357 1. Accurately calculate the proportion of cases that smoked. Be sure to show your calculations. 2. Accurately calculate the proportion of controls that smoked. Be sure to show your calculations. 3. Accurately calculate the odds ratio, with the correct equation. What do you infer from the odds ratio about the relationship between smoking and lung cancer? Table 2 shows the frequency distribution of male cases and controls by average number of cigarettes smoked per day. Table 2: Daily cigarette consumption Daily Number of Cigarettes Number of Cases Number of Controls Odds Ratio 0 7 61 Referent 1–14 565 706 15–24 445 408 25+ 340 182 All smokers 1350 1296 Total 1357 1357 4. Accurately calculate the odds ratios by category of daily cigarette consumption, comparing each category to nonsmokers. Be sure to show your calculations. 5. Interpret these results, and describe the trends or patterns you see in the data. Part 2: The Cohort Study Data for the cohort study were obtained from the population of all physicians listed in the British Medical Register who resided in England and Wales as of October 1951. Questionnaires were mailed in October 1951 to 59,600 physicians. The questionnaire asked the physicians to classify themselves into one of three categories: 1) current smoker, 2) ex-smoker, or 3) nonsmoker. Smokers and ex-smokers were asked the amount they smoked, their method of smoking, the age they started to smoke, and, if they had stopped smoking, how long it had been since they last smoked. Nonsmokers were defined as persons who had never consistently smoked as much as one cigarette day for as long as one year. Physicians were also asked whether or not they had a diagnosis of lung cancer. Usable responses to the questionnaires were received from 40,637 (68%) physicians, of whom 34,445 were males and 6,192 were females. The next section of this case study is limited to the analysis of male physician respondents, 35 years of age or older. The occurrence of lung cancer in physicians responding to the questionnaire was documented over a 10-year period (November 1951 through October 1961) from death certificates filed with the Registrar General of the United Kingdom and from lists of physician deaths provided by the British Medical Association. All certificates indicating that the decedent was a physician were abstracted. For each death attributed to lung cancer, medical records were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis. Diagnoses of lung cancer were based on the best evidence available; about 70% were from biopsy, autopsy, or sputum cytology (combined with bronchoscopy or X-ray evidence); 29% were from cytology, bronchoscopy, or X-ray alone; and only 1% were from just case history, physical examination, or death certificate. In total, there were 355 cases of lung cancer during this 10-year time period, with 255 newly diagnosed cases of lung cancer. Of 4,597 deaths in the cohort over the 10-year period, 157 were reported to have been caused by lung cancer; in 4 of the 157 cases this diagnosis could not be documented, leaving 153 confirmed deaths from lung cancer. The following table shows numbers of lung cancer deaths by daily number of cigarettes smoked at the time of the 1951 questionnaire (for male physicians who were nonsmokers and current smokers only). Person-years of observation ("person-years at risk") are given for each smoking category. The number of cigarettes smoked was available for 136 of the persons who died from lung cancer. Table 3: Number and rate (per 100,000 person-years) of lung cancer deaths by number of cigarettes smoked per day, Doll and Hill physician cohort study, Great Britain, 1951–1961. Daily number of cigarettes smoked Deaths from lung cancer Person-years at risk Mortality rate per 1,000 person-years 0 3 42,800 0.07 1–14 22 38,600 15–24 54 38,900 25+ 57 25,100 All smokers 133 102,600 Total 136 145,400 6. Accurately calculates the lung cancer mortality rates for each smoking category. Be sure to show your calculations. 7. Describe the trends or patterns you see in the data about mortality, and explain what the trends or patterns mean. 8. Accurately calculate the incidence for lung cancer during the 10 year time period. Be sure to show your calculations. 9. Accurately calculate the prevalence for lung cancer during this 10 year time period. Be sure to show your calculations. This worksheet was modified using information from the original case study found on the CDC website: Centers for Disease Control. (2003). “Cigarette smoking and lung cancer.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Epidemiology Program Office Case Studies in Applied Epidemiology, 731-703. Retrieved from: https://www.cdc.gov/eis/downloads/xsmoke-student-731-703.pdf IHP 330: Module Three Worksheet Connections Between a Disease and a Population Directions: To complete this worksheet, you will use a website called Epiville. The case study you will be learning about deals with SARS. Complete each step below to answer the questions. · Read the Student Role portion of the case study. Be sure to read the news transcript, along with the background information of the case by clicking the links at the bottom of the page. · Read the Data Collection portion of the case study. Think about how this information will help you make a connection between a disease and a population. · Read the Data Analysis portion of the case study. Answer the eight practice questions on this page to prepare you to complete this worksheet. · Read the Outbreak Control portion of the case study. Answer the practice question on this page to prepare you to complete this worksheet. · Answer the questions below. 1. Provide a brief description of SARS, supporting your description with sources from the case. 2. Describe the patterns that can be identified in the population impacted by the SARS outbreak, citing the case to support your response. 3. Draw conclusions about the mode of transmission of the disease based on your analysis of the disease and population. This worksheet was modified using information from the original case study found on the Epiville website.
Answered 3 days AfterSep 15, 2021

Answer To: IHP 330 Module Two Worksheet Measuring Disease A causal relationship between cigarette smoking and...

Abhishek answered on Sep 19 2021
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IHP 330: Module Three Worksheet
Connections Between a Disease and a Population
Table of Contents
Provide a brief description of SARS, supporting your description with sources from the case.    4
Describe the patterns identifi
ed in the population impacted by the SARS outbreak, citing the case to support your response.    4
Draw conclusions about the transmission mode of the disease based on your analysis of the disease and population.    5
References    7
Provide a brief description of SARS, supporting your description with sources from the case.
In the Epiville department of health, there have been several cases of the sudden outbreak of pneumonia among various patients. SARS is a viral disease where the respiratory tract gets affected, and it spreads as easily as the coronavirus through contact with other people. It was first reported in 2003, and then it turned out to be a global outbreak where 8.437 people became sick (Epiville Department of Health, 2021). The basic symptoms occurring among the patients who are down with this disease are close contact with SARS positive people, travel to areas where SARS have taken place or residing in areas where SRS got transmitted. There are mysterious deaths associated with the disease that has taken place, and most of them are having a record of dying from the same areas that are living in the Amoy Apartment Complex. The flu-like symptoms are common among people who are becoming sick. This SARS virus is airborne, and that is what makes it readily transmissible.
Based on the duration of the incubation period of 2-10 days, there can be symptoms of illness that are high, and chills and rigours are very common. Headache, malaise and muscle pain is also very much common. Mild respiratory symptoms are also not uncommon. As this virus mainly affects the respiratory tract, that is why the impact is mainly seen on respiration (Pan et al. 2021). gastrointestinal problems and rashes are also common where diarrhoea in the initial stage is found among the infected person. In addition, shortness of breath is also found among sick people where the white blood cell count gets reduced, and platelet count also gets lowered down severely.
Describe the patterns identified in the population impacted by the...
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