The negative psychological (e.g., anxiety, depression) and physiological (e.g., hypertension) effects of racial discrimination on African Americans have been well-documented. Psychologist Robert...

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The negative psychological (e.g., anxiety, depression) and physiological (e.g., hypertension) effects of racial discrimination on African Americans have been well-documented. Psychologist Robert Carter (2007) posited that some African Americans, as a result of experiencing racial discrimination, may develop race-based traumatic stress injury, a condition with symptoms (e.g., negative alterations to cognitions and mood, intrusive symptoms, avoidance, and physical reactions) comparable to those of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).



  1. Do you agree with Carter (2007) that race-based traumatic stress injury should be recognized as a "nonpathological category to be used by mental health professionals to identify and assess people of Color’s encounters with racism that produce stress and trauma" (p. 96)? Please explain.

  2. What are some potentialadvantagesof American psychology recognizing race-based traumatic stress injury as a "nonpathological assessment category" (Carter, 2007, p. 88)?

  3. What are some potentialdisadvantagesof recognizing race-based traumatic stress as a nonpathological assessment category?

  4. What contributes to African Americans' resilience in the face of experiences of racism?



Answered Same DayMay 10, 2022

Answer To: The negative psychological (e.g., anxiety, depression) and physiological (e.g., hypertension)...

Parul answered on May 10 2022
82 Votes
Answer 1. Yes, Indeed I agree with Carter that race-based traumatic stress injury needs to be recognized as "non-pathological" category to be utilised by the mental health professional. It is very important to properly locate as well as assess the people's experience with root cause of stress as well as trauma. This can be further explained in details since injuries caused be trauma and stress are one of the outcomes from the discrimination based on the colour.
Answer 2. The race-based trauma recommends that racial as well as ethnic...
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