The negative psychological (e.g., anxiety, depression) and physiological (e.g., hypertension) effects of racial discrimination on African Americans have been well-documented. Psychologist Robert Carter (2007) posited that some African Americans, as a result of experiencing racial discrimination, may develop race-based traumatic stress injury, a condition with symptoms (e.g., negative alterations to cognitions and mood, intrusive symptoms, avoidance, and physical reactions) comparable to those of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).
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