This assessment will demonstrate your understanding of some of the body systems studied during the semester, by applying your knowledge to resolve various case study scenarios. Preparation: Review...

Biology Assessment        6
BIOLOGY ASSESSMENT
Table of Contents
Case Study 1    3
Case Study 2    3
Case Study 3    4
Case Study 4    5
Case Study 5    6
Case 6    6
References    8
Case Study 1
The main function of the nasal cavity is to warm and humidify the air that has been inspired (Makhsitaliev, Djuraev, Khodjanov, Botirov & Akhundjanov, 2021). Prior to reaching the lower airways, the nasal cavity serves the purpose of removing minute airborne particles as well as different kinds of debris, thereby purifying the inspired air (Zwicker, Ostilla-Mónico, Lieberman & Brenner, (2018). As mentioned by Rodriguez, Orscheln and Koch, (2017), the columnar epithelial cells that line the nasal cavity are responsible for the secretion of mucus, which lines the inner linings to trap aerosolized particles in the nasal mucosa. The paranasal sinuses present in the nasal cavity helps in the process of draining the different secretions. Air containing mucosal lined sinuses surround the nasal cavity and is inclusive of different structures namely frontal, paired maxillary, sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses. As stated by Makhsitaliev, Djuraev, Khodjanov, Botirov and Akhundjanov (2021) the secretions that are produced from these sinuses are drained into the nasal cavity with the help of ostia.
There are different parts of the nasal cavity. The respiratory region functions in the removal of debris, warming and humidifying the inspired air (Avrunin et al., 2017). The olfactory region transports the odour bearing particles to the apex of the nasal cavity. The nasal vestibule helps in the inhalation and filtration of the inspired air. According to Goswamy (2020), the nasal septum helps in partitioning the nasal cavity into two equal and separate compartments. Choanae opens into the nasopharynx.
Case Study 2
    The four mechanisms, which assist the return of venous blood to the heart, are pressure gradient, cardiac suction, skeletal muscle pump and the respiratory pump (Reis et al., 2020).
The pressure that is generated by the heart is the most significant force in venous flow, although the pressure is much weaker in the veins as compared to the arteries (Dutta & Zuiderveld, 2021). The central venous pressure that is created when the vena cava enters the heart averages around 4.6 mmHg. As per Zamboni et al., (2020) the particular pressure gradient that is created helps in the flow of the venous blood to the heart. Venous return reduces with the constriction of the veins and increases with their dilation.
During the time of ventricular systole, the AV valve cusp is pulled downwards by chordae tendineae, which leads to the slight expansion of the atrial space (Tarniceriu et al., 2021). This creates a suction which takes blood from the vena cava and the pulmonary veins into the atria.
According to Shishmarev, (2020) Contraction of the skeletal muscles, lead to the compression of vein, which results in the upward flow of blood towards heart. However, relaxation of the skeletal muscles makes the blood flow downwards due to the effect of the gravity, the blood thus flows to the nearest valve.
The respiratory pump returns the flow of blood from abdominal cavity to the thoracic cavity through the process of inhalation and movement of the diaphragm (Tarniceriu et al., 2021).
Case Study 3
    As opined by Ditzel Jr et al., (2020) Hypocalcemia can be described as a physiological condition in which the calcium that is being circulated within the body is lower than the normal levels). The condition of hypocalcemia can have a significant impact on the strength and length of contraction in the contractile cells. As it is already known, calcium plays a significant role in the process of contraction of the contractile cells (Wilkens, Nelson, Hernandez & McArt (2020). Lack of calcium suggests that the role and functionality of calcium will be reduced in the body, as a result of which, the aspect of contraction of the contractile cells will get negatively affected. As assessed by Di Filippo et al., (2020) Hypocalcemia or reduced amount of calcium production will mean that there will be extreme rates of decreased calcium. The role that was played by calcium is that calcium supports the contractile cells in the process of tightening in response to the nerve signals (Pepe et al., 2020). However, lack of calcium will lead to deficient contractions. For instance, decreased contraction in the heart cells can lead to the death of a patient, if gone to an extreme level.
    In addition to the...