untitled Alcohol and other drug use at school leavers’ celebrations Tina Lam, Wenbin Liang, Tanya Chikritzhs, Steve Allsop National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845,...

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untitled Alcohol and other drug use at school leavers’ celebrations Tina Lam, Wenbin Liang, Tanya Chikritzhs, Steve Allsop National Drug Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6845, Australia Address correspondence to Tina Lam, E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT Background A significant proportion of adolescents who attend celebratory events often engage in substantial alcohol and other drug use. We examined patterns, influences and impacts of drug consumption at an end of schooling life celebration. Methods Seventeen- to 18-year-old Australians who intended to attend (n ¼ 541) and who attended the celebration (n ¼ 405), respectively, completed pre- and post-event surveys. Results Males consumed 18.44 and females 13.24 Australian standard drinks on an average day during the school leavers’ event. Compared with their last social event, there was greater alcohol (P , 0.0005) and ecstasy use (P , 0.046 for Day 1 and P , 0.008 on Day 3). However, the number of drinks consumed per hour appeared to be similar across contexts. Most (87%) experienced at least one negative outcome attributed to alcohol and other drug use. Safety strategies were frequently used and appeared to be protective against some of the most common harms (hangover, vomiting, black out and unprotected sex). Conclusions The use of alcohol and other drugs at this celebratory event appears to be reflective of the greater than usual number of drinking hours that are available to participants. The use of safety strategies can be successful in mitigating some of the most common drug-related harms. Keywords alcohol consumption, celebration, health promotion, large event, leavers, protective behavioral strategies, risky single occasion drinking, schoolies, young people Introduction Adolescent alcohol use in countries such as the USA, UK and Australia, is typified by episodic consumption, which commonly occurs to the point of intoxication.1 – 4 This style of ‘risky drinking’ means that young people are frequently affected by blackouts (memory loss), hangovers and violence.5,6 Adolescent alcohol and other drug (AOD) use appears to peak at ‘special events’.7,8 For many young adults in Western countries, the milestone of school completion is marked by festive events. These multiple day celebrations are a much anticipated occasion for frivolity with fellow alumni; and, in Australia, up to half of all Year 12 graduates attend some form of these school leavers’ (also known as ‘Schoolies’ or ‘Leavers’) celebrations.9,10 Compared with the significant press coverage each year,11 there has been relatively little formal research into the phe- nomenon. The common theme of existing studies is that for a significant proportion of attendees, the event revolves around heavy alcohol use, some consumption of other drugs and engagement in other risky behaviours such as unprotected casual sex.12–20 Similar scenarios occur at other multiple-day peer-based celebratory events such as Spring Break in the USA,21,22 and russefeiring, a 17-day Norwegian graduation party.23 These risky behaviours are partially attributed to the ‘holiday effect’, a phenomenon where individuals on holiday tend to engage in risky behaviours not otherwise attempted at home.13,18,24 – 27 These elements include the temporary sus- pension of social codes, such as responsibility and account- ability; time away from usual authority figures; a peer-based environment and a reputation for AOD experimentation. Also, heavier drinkers appear to ‘self-select’ to attend party destinations with a reputation for AOD use.28 – 31 Tina Lam, Research Associate Wenbin Liang, Research Fellow Tanya Chikritzhs, Professor and Project Leader Steve Allsop, Professor and Director 408 # The Author 2013. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Faculty of Public Health. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: [email protected]. Journal of Public Health | Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 408–416 | doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdt087 | Advance Access Publication 27 August 2013 D ow nloaded from https://academ ic.oup.com /jpubhealth/article-abstract/36/3/408/1520551 by 81828378 user on 11 July 2019 Currently, there are few international and no Australian peer- reviewed published studies which provide quantity-specific esti- mations that reliably gauge the extent of AOD use at school leavers’ celebrations (especially alcohol), and provide a fulsome view of its influence on behaviour. The aims of this study were therefore to (i) compare the levels of AOD use at an end of school celebration and use at other peer-based social events and (ii) relate the experience of harms experienced at the celebrations to levels of use and engagement in harm-minimization strategies. Methods Design Core data for this project were gathered using a two-part survey design with a self-report methodology. The majority of the respondents were aged 17 (legal purchase age for alcohol in Australia is 18).32 Respondents intended to, and/or had attended the 2009 school leavers’ celebrations on Rottnest Island. This Island is located 20 km off the west coast of Perth and is a popular location for the event in Western Australia. This location was chosen as the bulk of the visitors entered and exited via a single ferry terminal. This ‘bottle- necking’ facilitated survey administration. The first survey sampled young people who intended to attend the event (n¼ 541; 56% female; 91% 17 years and 9% 18 years of age; 87% enrolled in an independent school). This pre-celebration survey was available both online and face to face. Half (52%) were conducted online from 2 months to the day prior to the celebration. The mean online completion time was 15.64 min [95% CI (14.79, 16.49), n¼ 215 (outliers removed)]. The remaining paper surveys were disseminated on the first day of the celebrations on five ferries travelling to Rottnest Island. Project information forms and blank surveys were provided en route, and completed surveys collected as the boat docked. The post-celebration survey was completed by 405 (50% female; 94% 17 years of age and 6% 18 years and over; 92% attended an independent school). While this second survey was also available online, most (86%) were conducted face to face. On the last day of the event, a team of 27 researchers distributed surveys around the island’s accommodation, com- mercial areas and ferry terminal. Researchers remained within a visible distance to participants to encourage serious attempts and to collect surveys. Face-to-face response rates were esti- mated at 90% and the completion time at 15 min. Survey modality (online versus face-to-face) was controlled for multi- factorial analyses, and Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney tests did not reveal any significant differences in intended or reported actual alcohol use across the modalities. The two surveys were designed to be analysed primarily as separate components—one assessing intentions and the other what happened at the celebrations. As the total number of celebrants on the island was 1466, �37% of the popula- tion was surveyed with the pre-celebration survey and 28% for the post-celebration survey. Although recapture was not a central method of the study, a self-generated anonymous code was incorporated into both instruments to pair an indivi- dual’s data where possible.33,34 Not all participants completed the code and the pre- and post-event surveys of 120 par- ticipants were eventually linked (62% female). Due to the modest known paired sample size, most analyses focus on ‘within-survey’ data (combining both paired and unpaired respondents). Confectionaries (‘lollies’) were provided as a minor incen- tive with face-to-face surveys. Participants of both survey mo- dalities were able to enter a voucher prize draw. Prize-draw email addresses were detached from or collected in separate databases to the survey data. Consent was implied by survey completion.35 This study was approved by Curtin University (HR135/2008) and the Rottnest Island Authority (2008/13; 2009/110328). Measurements Both surveys contained psychometrically validated and novel items in Likert and free response form. The pre-celebration survey included quantity-specific expectations of personal and peer AOD use at the event; expectations of how permissive the celebration context would be; parental discussions about alcohol use and AOD use at their last social event. This ‘last event’ was the last social occasion attended with friends prior to the school leavers’ celebration. As adolescent alcohol use tends to be episodic and increase in ‘party’ contexts,5,36 the more frequently used survey reference period of the last 7 days37 may or may not include a peer-based social event. The school leavers’ celebration and the last event were comparable in that they were both social and peer based, and assessed a similar subset of young people who had self-selected as intend- ing to/attended the end of school celebrations.19,38 That is, the ‘last event’ served as a proxy for ‘usual’ AOD behaviour. The post-event survey investigated AOD use, perceptions of peer AOD use, experience of AOD-conducive conditions, negative consequences and harm reduction strategies employed at the celebrations. Alcohol consumption was estimated using validated tools from the National Drug Strategy Household Survey—the beverage-specific and the standard drink (SD) approach.39,40 The beverage-specific method requires the respondent to specify their drink (e.g. mid-strength beer), the size of their SCHOOL LEAVERS’ CELEBRATIONS 409 D ow nloaded from https://academ ic.oup.com /jpubhealth/article-abstract/36/3/408/1520551 by 81828378 user on 11 July 2019 drink receptacle (e.g. a 330 ml bottle) and the number of each type consumed, in table labelled with the most common bev- erage types and sizes. The SD method requires the respond- ent to convert their intake into SDs and then to record a figure that summarized daily consumption. The SD question ‘how many standard drinks did you have on Day 1?’ was supplemented by a visual guide. In Australia, a ‘standard drink’ contains 10 g of alcohol. Piloting confirmed that com- prehension of the ‘SD’ concept was high, as it was a part of many schools’ syllabus. The beverage-specific response method is one of the most valid self-report measures of alcohol quantity—however, its higher and more accurate esti- mates are offset by a considerably lower response rate.41 Both estimates were presented in Table 1, but only the beverage-specific estimates have been discussed. The beverage- specific method was used for the last event and celebration esti- mates, whereas the SD method was only used in the celebra- tion estimates. Analysis A series of Wilcoxon signed rank tests were performed to compare AOD use between the contexts of the last event and an average day at the leavers’ celebrations (paired respondents). Logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the impact of six factors on the likelihood of reported experience of 17 negative consequences. Independent variables were chosen to assess the ability of safety strategies to attenuate ex- perience of a variety of harms. The six variables contained in each model were as follows: (i) an average quantity of alcohol used on a single day at the event; (ii) use of drugs other than alcohol; (iii) use of alcohol-related safety strategies, as assessed using the Protective Behavioural Strategies Survey (PBSS). The PBSS is a psychometrically validated list of behaviours that minimize alcohol use and related acute harm42–48 (iv) gender; (v) accommodation location and (vi) survey administration modality (online or face to face). Results Alcohol use at leavers’ celebrations and the last event A significantly greater proportion of respondents used alcohol during the celebration period (93%) and on each cele- bration day (an average of 88% across the 3 days), compared with
Answered Same DayNov 08, 2021

Answer To: untitled Alcohol and other drug use at school leavers’ celebrations Tina Lam, Wenbin Liang, Tanya...

Aparna answered on Nov 09 2021
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Paper 1- Alcohol and other drug use at school leavers’ celebrations
1.
a) H0 There will be no relation between the number of drinking hours and amount of AOD consumed
HA There will be significantly positive relation between the number of drinking hours and amount of AOD consumed
Inde
pendent Variable - Number of drinking hours, type of AOD available, gender of the participant
Dependent Variable - Amount of AOD consumed, location of the event
b) H0 There will be no relation between the students who consumed AOD during the leavers period and other non-leavers period
HA Amount of AOD consumption among students during the Leavers period will be significantly high compared to the amount of AOD consumed by the students during other events.
Independent Variable -Event been celebrated (leavers/ non-leavers)
Dependent Variable- Amount of AOD consumed
2. Qualitative method was to recruit participants in that observation and survey method was used. In the study convenience sampling was used.
Advantages -
One of the main advantage due to which this method is use dis that the sample is easily available
As compared to other methods it is less time consuming (gathering of sample) and less expensive
Disadvantages-
One of the main disadvantage of this is that the sample is not the true representative of the population.
Another disadvantage is that the results are difficult to generalise over the population
There is always a possibility that the results thus obtained are either under or over generalised due to the sample chosen
Difficult to replicate the results
3. The general demographic characteristics of the sample collected was gender, school (Private/ independent, State, Not specified) Survey modality and year of birth. After collecting the responses from the participants the validation was checked with respect to the responses. Total surveys taken was 541. In the sample most of the participants preferred to celebrate Leavers period on Rottnest Island while few of the participants chose some other location.
Almost all the participants preferred to consumed Alcohol and few of them were not sure and very few did not prefer alcohol. Respondents no of hours been consumed were also asked.
4. Chi- Square was used to analyse the data and regression analysis. Regression analysis was used because the analysis had to be made between the continuous independent variable and the various dependent variable. Since the study aims about the impact of AOD and other factors hence regression analysis was used. This method is also used because of the ease and comfort of implementing. The main reason to use this is variety of variable present in the study.
Another reason that the aggression analysis is used is it tend to predict the results and the things and then understand what to do and how to do. It aim to understand the impact of the AOD on the students....
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