1. The purpose and types of Lipids: This information is discussed on pgs XXXXXXXXXXin OpenStax. 2. The Structure of lipids: There are many different types of lipids each with its own structure....

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1. The purpose and types of Lipids: This information is discussed on pgs. 42-45 in OpenStax.   2. The Structure of lipids: There are many different types of lipids each with its own structure.  Therefore, I am not going to be asking you to draw lipids or to pick one out from a series of pictures. That being said, there are several structural characteristics of lipids you should know.  First of all, lipids are nonpolar (with very few exceptions) and they are hydrophobic. See pgs. 42-45 in OpenStax.   3. Enzyme Activity:  Enzymes are proteins that bind to a substrate, alter its shape and help it become a product more efficiently that it would on its own. Enzymes lower the amount of energy required to change a substrate into a product.  Enzymes are discussed on pg. 45, 96-102 in OpenStax.   4. The Structural Difference between DNA and RNA: DNA is composed of a nitrogenous base bound to deoxyribose (a sugar), which is bound to a phosphate (PO4-) group.  RNA is composed in the same manner except that ribose replaces deoxyribose.  Additionally, RNA uses the uracil nitrogenous base, while DNA uses the thymine.  pg. 49-50 in OpenStax.   5. The Backbone of DNA is universal (phosphate groups connected to sugar) and common  to all organisms.. It is the order of the nitrogenous bases, which are connected to the sugars to form the nucleotides that varies from one organism to the next.   6. Peptide Bonds: This is the covalent bond that joins amino acids together forming proteins. The amino group of the first amino acid is joined to the carboxylic acid group of the second through a covalent bond.   7. Structure of phospholipids:- A phospholipid is composed of one phosphate molecule and two fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule. The phosphate group and the glycerol form the “head” of the phospholipid, and the fatty acids for the “tail”.  The head is hydrophilic and the tails are hydrophobic. Phospholipids form the bulk of eukaryotic cell membranes, and you must know and understand how the structure of the phospholipid makes it ideal for the function of membrane formation.  Please review pgs.42-45 in OpenStax. 8. The Structure of Amino Acids: Amino acids are composed of a carbon atom covalently bonded to an amino group (NH3+), a carboxylic acid group (COO-), and a side chain.  All amino acids have this basic set-up. The side chains each have different chemical compositions with unique properties that distinguish the various amino acids. You did not need to know how to draw or identify an amino acid, but you should know the basic structural composition. Pgs 45-48 in OpenStax   9. The Differences between DNA and RNA in terms of function: The differences in the functions of DNA and RNA is given on pg. 49 in OpenStax. Learn these differences. We will be revisiting them when we learn about genetics. 10. Function of carbohydrates: Carbohydrates mainly function to store energy in a readily available way.  Additionally, they can be used to provide structure to organisms like cellulose in plants and chitin in insects. Also, carbohydrates can serve as cell surface markers that help the body identify one cell type from another. Pgs 40-42 in OpenStax goes over this topic.   11. Why Carbon is a good molecule in biology: A single carbon atom can form up to 4 covalent bonds with other atoms making it a very versatile atom in biology.  Because it can form up to four bonds, carbon atoms can be linked together to form chains (with or without branches) and can even form ring structures. Pgs. 39-40 in OpenStax go over these characteristics.   12. Definition of denaturation: This is the process by which a protein molecule loses its 3D shape.  Basically the folded 3D protein becomes unfolded and returned to its linear amino acid sequence.  The order of the amino acids does not change nor is the sequence of the protein altered in any other way.  Heat is the most common cause of denaturation. See pg. 48 in the OpenStax textbook.   13. Definition of Organic Molecules: Organic molecules contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.  Pgs 39-40 in OpenStax   14. Definition of Trans Fats: Trans fats are unsaturated fatty acids that are produced through the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils to produce a fat that is solid at room temperature.  Review pg. 944 in OpenStax.   15. Function of proteins:  proteins have many functions in living organisms. These are summarized on pg. 45 in OpenStax.  You should be familiar with all of these functions.   16. Competitive vs. Non-competitive inhibitors: Competitive inhibitors bind to the active site of an enzyme “competing” for binding with the substrate. These physically block the active site.  Non-competitive inhibitors bind to a different site on the enzyme and by doing so alter the shape of the active site, preventing the substrate from binding. Pgs. 99-100 in OpenStax   17. The Structure of carbohydrates: Carbohydrates are molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio.  Single carbohydrate units can bond together in many different ways. Examples of these are given on pg. 40-42 in OpenStax. I am less concerned about you drawing carbohydrates, but I want you to be able to recognize that all carbohydrates have these three atoms in the given ratio.   18. Complex Metabolism in Eukaryotic Cells: Metabolism in eukaryotic cells can be more complex than metabolism in prokaryotic cells because of the organelles. Each organelle has a specific function/job, so many metabolic reactions occur in isolation from the others.   19. Hypotonic vs. hypteronic vs. isotonic solutions: pg. 79-80 in OpenStax. Hypertonic = greater solute concentration outside of the cell as compared to inside.  Hypotonic = less solute concentration outside of the cell as compared to inside. Isotonic = equal solute concentration outside and inside of the cell.  Water can move by osmosis across the cell membrane to try to achieve an isotonic environment. Review Figure 3.22 to see what happens when red blood cells are placed in solutions with different tonicities.   20. Differences between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic  (Plant vs. Animal) Cell Components:THese differences are summarized in Table 3.1 on pgs 72-73 in OpenStax.   21. Passive vs. Active Transport: Passive transport requires no energy, molecules move with/along the concentration gradient from area of high concentration to area of low concentration.  Active transport requires energy because you are moving molecules against the concentration gradient from area of low concentration to are of high concentration.  Pg. 77-80 (passive) and 81-84 (active) in OpenStax. See the Membrane Transport Cheat Sheet in the Course Content.   22. Simple vs. Facilitated Diffusion: Both are forms of passive transport.  In simple diffusion, molecules pass directly through the membrane.  In facilitated diffusion the molecules pass through a protein channel embedded within the membrane. See the Membrane Transport Cheat Sheet in the Course Content and pgs. 77-79 in OpenStax.   23. Endocytosis vs. exocytosis vs. pinocytosis:  Endocytosis is the movement of materials INTO the cell by the membrane engulfing them. Exosytosis is the same process but materials move OUT of the cell.  Pinocytosis is the movement of fluids by membrane engulfing. See pgs. 82-84 in Openstax. See the Membrane Transport Cheat Sheet in the Course Content.   24. Phosopholipid Bilayer: The basic characteristics of the phospholipid bilayer are on pg. 63 in OpenStax. Remember that individual phosopholipid molecules in the bilayer are not bonded together, which allows these molecules and others inside the cell membrane (e.g. transport proteins) to move laterally throughout the bilayer.   25. Endomembrane System: pgs 64-67 in OpenStax. The endomembrane systems contains the membranes and organelles that are responsible for modifying, packaging, and transporting proteins and lipids within the eukaryotic cell.   26. Antibiotics: Review our week 3 conference.  Possible side effects of antibiotic use are that they can kill the good, healthy bacteria in your body.  They cannot kill viruses (which are as of yet not classified as living). They do not harm your cells (eukaryotic).  Additionally, misuse of antibiotics can lead to the development of resistance in bacteria NOT in humans. You cannot build up a resistance to the antibiotics since the antibiotics do not interact with your cell
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Answer To: 1. The purpose and types of Lipids: This information is discussed on pgs XXXXXXXXXXin OpenStax. 2....

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