This is a task that I have to answer to all the questions. Reference style : IEEE Every questions have word limits. for example, when you see '300 words' that means write in 300 words. if it is over...

1 ANSWER
1.Fiber Delay Line Buffering
In this method for resolving network contention,an optical component is employed to construct a loop where packets can be delayed from transmission during congestion times .Delay employed is constant for each packet, and recovery of the packet is not possible until it leaves one end. Various delay lines of various sizes can be used in parallel to create the FDL.The FDL buffer is made up of a series of fundamental delay lines of varying lengths that are coupled in a parallel configuration[2]. Fixed-delay and variable-delay FDL buffers are distinguished into two types based on the type of fundamental delay lines utilised. In a fixed-delay buffer, each fundamental delay line only gives a fixed delay. Each fundamental delay line in a variable-delay buffer, on the other hand, is a multistage structure. However, using multistage or a large number of optical delay lines, is a sophisticated optical buffer design that necessitates additional hardware and degrades the optical signal physically.
2.Deflection Routing
Based on the loop that occurs in the switch, a deflection algorithm can be applied. In a switch occasion loop, Based on the loop that occurs in the switch, a deflection algorithm can be applied. When a packet hits the same path on the path to destination that it has visited earlier in a switch, it is called a loop. The outputs are ordered according on the destination in this technique, which uses SPD or shortest path deflection. urs when a packet travels down the same path as it did earlier on its way to its destination. The outputs are ordered according on the destination in this process, which utilises SPD or shortest path deflection.If a packet is heading for a busy output port, it is routed to the output port that is the shortest distance away. Because the SPD allows for a network loop, it minimises packet loss while also increasing end-to-end delay.Moreover it supplies loopless deflection based on a destination in which the forwarding tables will be designed inorder to eliminate loops on the route to the destination. The propagation latency is minimal because this strategy does not employ a loop.
3. Wavelength Conversion
Because the wavelength at which the packet arrives is sometimes not passed due to a blocked channel of the same wavelength, we utilise a wavelength converter in this technique to convert the packet's wavelength to another wavelength. These wavelength converters are hardware devices which converts any wavelength or several wavelengths from a packet that is incoming to the required wavelength. This method is useful for expanding routing possibilities and improving network features.
Consider the situation when an optical packet arriving on a certain wavelength channel is stopped due to the corresponding output link's wavelength channel is congested. In this situation, WCs can be used by an OPS core switch to overcome blockages of optical packet by delivering a competing optical packet on another wavelength. When impediments are avoided, the PLR (Packet Loss Rate) is obviously lowered. Wavelength converters can operate to a full degree or a limited range as hardware-based conflict resolution systems.
2 ANSWER
IP packet that arrives at the router with a link-level address which is not known is sent to the central CPU when the slow path is employed. The CPU sends out an ARP request, and after the ARP response comes, the IP...