essayUnit 4: Musculoskeletal Disorders Gould: Chpt. 26: Porth: Chpt. 58 Unit 5: Respiratory...

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essayUnit 4: Musculoskeletal Disorders Gould: Chpt. 26: Porth: Chpt. 58 Unit 5: Respiratory Disorders Gould: Chpt. 19: Porth: Chpt.28, 29 	The main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange which provides body tissues with adequate O2 for cellular metabolism, and removes CO2, a by-product of metabolism  	The respiratory system works in conjunction with the renal system to maintain blood pH and acid-base balance: 	Facts for Review: 	normal pH: 7.35 – 7.45 	reflected in a HCO3-  to H2CO3 ratio of 20:1 	normal serum HCO3-: 24-31 mmol/L 	normal serum CO2: 24-29 mmol/L, Pa CO2: 35-42 mm Hg 	normal PaO2:  95-100 mm Hg 	arterial O2 saturation (SaO2) : 96%-98% 	Base excess or deficit is essentially a measurement of HCO3- excess or deficit, and describes the amt of acid or base that must be added to bring the blood pH to 7.4 	O2 saturation (SaO2) reflects the degree to which O2 is bound to available sites on hemoglobin and therefore the oxygenation of the blood CO2 + H2O       H2CO3        H+ + HCO3- lungs kidneys * -H2CO3: carbonic acid -acidic conditions push the equation to the right: more CO2 from resp. acidosis leads to higher H+ levels and decreased pH -the above equation represents the main buffer system in the body: the bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system: acts to buffer blood pH (Corwin) 	-allows excess H+ in the system to be converted to carbonic acid, resulting in fewer free H+ remaining in solution, preventing blood pH from falling 	-Carbonic acid can also be converted to CO2: hence, excess H+ can be removed from the system as CO2 -base excess represents (metabolic) alkalosis, and base deficit represents (metabolic) acidosis -PaO2 represents the amount of O2 dissolved in the plasma -O2 saturation: amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin in comparison with the amount of oxygen Hb can carry 	-adequate oxygenation of the blood is from 100 mm Hg to 60 mmHg (down from 100): in this range, saturation is still high, ~ 90% Respiratory System Review: Anatomy 	Upper Respiratory Tract: passageways that conduct air between the atmosphere and lungs: nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx 	Lower Respiratory Tract: trachea, bronchi, bronchioles and lungs (alveoli) 	Lungs: right, three lobes; left, two lobes; lobes are divided into lobules 	Each lung resides in a pleural cavity and is surrounded by a double-layered pleura 	parietal pleura attaches the lung to the thoracic wall and diaphragm; the visceral pleura covers the lung surface 	layers are separated by a pleural cavity containing pleural fluid 	fluid creates surface tension that helps to keep the naturally recoiling lungs inflated and reduces friction Figure 23-12 Marieb Figure 9-2 Mader * Respiratory System Review: Anatomy Cont’d 	Each lobe has a bronchiole which brings air to many alveoli 	Alveoli: sac of simple squamous epithelium surrounded by capillaries where gas exchange occurs Figure 9-5 Mader Figure 23-9D Marieb 	The walls of the alveoli with their fused basement membranes form the respiratory membrane across which gas exchange occurs endothelial cell Respiratory membrane Nucleus of squamous epithelial cell Red blood cell Capillary * Ventilation-Perfusion Coupling 	The ventilation:perfusion ratio (VE/Q) reflects the match of air flow through the alveoli to blood flow in the adjacent pulmonary capillaries 	Gas exchange is most efficient when ventilation matches perfusion 	The pulmonary arterioles will constrict or dilate in order to match ventilation with perfusion Figure 27-21 Porth 	Mismatch occurs when: 	ventilated alveoli are not well perfused 	perfused alveolic are not well ventilated Figure23-19 Marieb * -ventilation: the exchange of gases in the resp, system (Porth) 	-two types: pulmonary ventilation ~ total exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs; alveolar ventilation  ~ exchange of gases within the alveoli -mismatch: poor perfusion e.g. embolism; poor ventilation e.g. atelectasis Respiratory Dysfunction 	Respiratory Failure occurs when the lungs fail to adequately oxygenate the blood and prevent CO2 retention 	results from conditions that: 	impair ventilation e.g. disease of the airways and lungs 	impair fx’n of resp. center e.g. drug overdose hypoventilation 	cause ventilation-perfusion mismatch e.g. obstructive or restrictive disease 	involve chest wall injury/deformities 	impair diffusion e.g. edema 	disrupt blood flow in the lungs e.g. pulmonary embolus 	involve resp. muscle failure e.g. muscular dystrophy 	Defined by blood gases of: 	PO2 50 mm Hg (hypercapnia) and resp. acidosis 	Respiratory Insufficiency: state when blood gases are abnormal but cell fx’n can continue 	Respiratory Arrest: cessation of respiratory activity * -obstructive disease e.g. cystic fibrosis, cancer, aspiration, asthma -restrictive disease: those in which lung expansion is impaired and total lung capacity is reduced e.g. kyphosis, pulmonary fibrosis, pleural effusion  Hypoxemia 	Hypoxemia: condition of reduced arterial O2 concentration 	Causes: 	decreased O2 in air (hypoxia) 	hypoventilation 	impaired diffusion e.g. edema 	shunt 	hypoperfusion e.g. embolus 	anemia 	Manifestations: 	~ tissue hypoxia and compensatory mechanisms 	PO2

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Professor:
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Title: Science Fiction and Technology: A Blessing or Curse
LSO119: Science Fiction
Major Paper
Contents
Introduction	3
Blessings for the Invention of Science fiction	3
Curse for the Arrival of Science Fiction	5
Gibson’s Science Fiction	6
Argumentation based on the Fictions	8
Conclusion	9
Works Cited	10
Introduction
From the chosen topic, of William Gibson’s view towards technology and science fictions and its impact on society and human being, this paper would highlight about both the positive as well as negative influence of technology as well as the science fiction. Through science fictions, children no doubt learn a lot about science invention and innovation and gain several interesting ideas and information regarding science and technology.
However, there are certain darker sides of using too many technological things or excessive connection with the science fictions. According to William Gibson, computer technology has woven into the DNA of human being and they think, and act as per the instruction of these technologies. As per the argumentative paper, the thesis statement would be how science fiction related to technological aspects is a blessing or a curse for the society. 
Blessings for the Invention of Science fiction 
It is a fact that the arrival of science and technology had changed the entire life cycle of human being and has transformed the thinking procedure and modernized it. The application of science with the help of several technology has indeed improved the quality and standard of life. It can be considered as a blessing in today’s modern era, where we with the help of technological gadgets and other devices can able to comfortably as well as conveniently complete our tasks and achieve the success rates.
It had made the life much easier than before, where switching on one button can complete the entire task now. In case of travelling, cooking, playing, or even dancing and singing with the help of the science and technology individual can save their times and can perform the task accurately. For example, in case of cooking, there are ample sources or tutorial videos to watch any cooking recipes in mobile phones anytime, anywhere and learn them easily within just a minute. Anyone can prepare them to serve the nearest and dearest ones. Hence, mobile phones have played a crucial role in not only to connect people but also to learn, listen and watch several videos or music. 
With the help of science and technology, the communication procedures have also become very easy, fast as well as cheaper and even improved the standard of living. According to several researchers due to the development in science and technology impossible have become possible and now people can eventually solve any problems just within a minute with the help of these technologies. Science fictions are an interesting perspective for children as well as the adults. The viewers or audiences in this regard, try to defend their watching several fictional novels, short stories with various logics and arguments (Khan).
It is a fact that science builds and organizes knowledge of testable explanation and prediction on the universe. Science has given individual the key to discover new opportunities and enhance the logical and critical thinking power. Children are gaining interest more on watching and readers the science fictions and trying to understand the creation of alternative realities in different points of time. They are attracted as because they can overview the mirror where all human beings are today. In that valiant search for the future, science fiction teaches all human being how to handle the present and adjust themselves with the future (Karadeniz and Degirmencay). 
William Gibson was the face of science fiction; his innovative ideas and creations had attracted the human generation during the phase of mid 80s. According to William Gibson, computer technology has woven into the DNA of human being and they think, and act as per the instruction of these technologies. He further believes that a virtual datasphere played a dominant role in human interface and the genre was known as cyberpunk.
William Gibson once remarked that in his fictions there is a distinct antipathy or ambivalence when it comes to technologies and their impact upon society (Telotte). As per the primary source, the film “Forbidden Planet” describes the episodes about a monster who is bringing life with the help of machines.

Unit 4: Musculoskeletal Disorders Gould: Chpt. 26: Porth: Chpt. 58 Unit 5: Respiratory Disorders Gould: Chpt. 19: Porth: Chpt.28, 29 The main function of the respiratory system is gas exchange which...

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