Unit 8 Male and Female Reproductive Systems Assignment
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1. Describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems, including their accessory structures
2. Explain the role of hypothalamic and pituitary hormones in male and female reproductive function
3. Trace the path of a sperm cell from its initial production through fertilization of an oocyte
4. Explain the events in the ovary prior to ovulation
5. Describe the development and maturation of the sex organs and the emergence of secondary sex characteristics during puberty
Unit 8 Fluid and Electrolyte Balance Assignment
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1. Identify the body’s main fluid compartments and explain the importance of water in the body.
2. Identify the six ions most important to the function of the body.
3. Define buffer and discuss the role of buffers in the body.
4. Explain why bicarbonate must be conserved rather than reabsorbed in the kidney.
5. Identify the normal range of blood pH and name the conditions where one has a blood pH that is either too high or too low.
6. Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the urinary system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body.
7. Explain how the urinary system relates to other body systems in maintaining homeostasis.
8. Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the urinary system could not maintain homeostasis.
9. Contrast the composition of the intracellular fluid with that of the extracellular fluid.
10. Explain the importance of protein channels in the movement of solutes.
11. Identify the causes and symptoms of edema.
12. Explain how water levels in the body influence the thirst cycle and what role would the hypothalamus have in thirst mechanisms.
13. Identify the main routes by which water leaves the body.
14. Describe the role of ADH and its effect on body water levels.
15. Define dehydration and identify common causes of dehydration.
16. List and provide the function of the six most important electrolytes in the body, and name the disorders associated with abnormally high and low levels of the six electrolytes
17. Describe the role of aldosterone on the level of water in the body
18. Identify the most powerful buffer system in the body, provide the equation to show how this buffer is reversible.
19. Explain the way in which the respiratory system affects blood pH
20. Identify the three blood variables considered when making a diagnosis of acidosis or alkalosis, what are the sources of compensation for blood pH problem of a respiratory origin and of a metabolic/renal origin?
Unit 8 The Urinary System Assignment
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1. Characterize the roles of each of the parts of the urinary system. (Kidneys, nephrons, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra)
2. Trace the flow of blood through the kidney and describe how blood is filtered in the kidney nephron.
3. Provide symptoms of kidney failure and describe the normal versus abnormal urine composition. (normal range of pH, osmolarity, and volume)
4. List some of the solutes filtered, secreted, and reabsorbed in different parts of the nephron.
5. Describe the role of a portal system in the kidney.
6. Explain how urine osmolarity is hormonally regulated and describe the regulation of major ions by the kidney.
7. Summarize the role of the kidneys in maintaining acid-base balance.
8. Compare and contrast blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine characteristics.
9. Compare and contrast male and female urethras.
10. Describe the micturition reflex.
11. Describe the external structure of the kidney, including its location, support structures, and covering.
12. Identify the major internal divisions and structures of the kidney, identify the major blood vessels associated with the kidney.
13. Name structures found in the cortex and medulla, describe the physiological characteristics of these areas and compare and contrast the cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons.
14. Describe voluntary and involuntary neural control of micturition.
15. Discuss the function of the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta.
16. Identify the location of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and describe the cells that line it, and the function of this structure.
17. Describe the histology of the proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, and collecting ducts
18. Describe glomerular filtration rate (GFR), state the average value of GFR, and explain how clearance rate can be used to measure GFR, predict specific factors that will increase or decrease GFR
19. State the percent of the filtrate that is normally reabsorbed and explain why the process of reabsorption is so important
20. List common symptoms of kidney failure, and discuss the aging kidney and its function.
21. Describe how each of the following functions in the extrinsic control of GFR: renin-angiotensin mechanism, natriuretic peptides, and sympathetic adrenergic activity
22. Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition: renin-angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides
23. Name and define the roles of other hormones that regulate kidney control, what effect do diuretics have on fluid retention and loss?
24. Explain why the differential permeability or impermeability of specific sections of the nephron tubules is necessary for urine formation
25. Describe the role of the kidneys in vitamin D activation, and the role of the kidneys in regulating erythropoiesis