University Physics (Mechanics) Lab reports (Newton's 2nd Law) using a virtual physics labs (KET Simulation) as guided in the attached assignment instructions files. Below are detailed log in information for the KET Simulation for expert's access and installation link;
https://virtualphysicslabs.ket.org/my-account/view-order/31303/
Log in username: olowoyos
Log in password: D@rksail0rd
Go to order# 31303 (First Semester Bundle)
Click on VPL-firstsemester.zip, download and install on expert's computer system for lab simulation.
Follow instructions for lab report criteria and assignment submission rubic on the lab manual and template attached.
Please "do not submit solution in zip format", vet for plagiarism and submission deadline is today (18 Hours window) to be strictly adhered to as required (2100 US TimeZone -5 Central Time).
Microsoft Word - Lab Manual_Newtons Second Law.docx ASUonline PHY 122 Physics Laboratory Manual Page 1 of 10 Newton’s Second Law of Motion Introduction and Theory Newton’s Second Law of motion can be summarized by the following equation: m ∑= Fa (1) where Σ F represents a net external force acting on an object, m is the mass of the object moving under the influence of Σ F, and a is the acceleration of that object produced by Σ F . The bold letters in the equation represent vector quantities. In this lab we will try to validate this law by applying equation (1) to the motion of a cart moving along a track when a constant force T (tension in the string) acts upon it. The position of the cart can be recorded as a function of time by a motion sensor located close to the left end of the track. Figure 1. The experimental setup for Newton’s Second Law lab. Force diagram for a cart moving away from the motion sensor. In general, neither the surface of the track nor the cart is frictionless so it is necessary to include in the analysis the force of kinetic friction, f, experienced by the moving cart. When the cart is moving on a horizontal track away from the motion detector (positive x- direction in the Figure 1.) for each of the moving bodies, m and M, Newton’s Second Law will be satisfied according to the following equations: T T m g x y m Motion sensor a M f a v0 ASUonline PHY 122 Physics Laboratory Manual Page 2 of 10 T1 – f = M a1 (2) And T1 – m g = - m a1 (3) Figure 2. The experimental setup for Newton’s Second Law lab. Force diagram for a cart moving toward to the motion sensor. When the cart M is forced to move on a horizontal track towards the motion detector (negative x direction in the Figure 1) by being given a negative initial velocity, the corresponding Newton’s Second Law equations will change as follows: T2 + f = M a2 (4) And T2 – m g = - m a2. (5) Note that in equations 2, 3, 4 and 5 the direction of acceleration a1 and a2 (represented by vector a in the Figure 1) has been chosen the same as the direction of the net force. The system of equations (2) –(5) can be solved for gravitational acceleration: g = aaver (M +m) m (6) Making the cart moving toward and away from the motion sensor allows canceling the effect of the kinetic friction (f) on the value of g. The value of average acceleration will be found as: x y m Motion sensor a M f a v0T T ASUonline PHY 122 Physics Laboratory Manual Page 3 of 10 aaver = (a1 + a2 ) 2 (7) where a1 is a magnitude of a cart’s acceleration toward to the motion sensor. It equals to the slope of velocity time graph produced when the cart moves toward to the motion sensor. a2 is a magnitude of a cart’s acceleration away from the motion sensor. It equals to the slope of velocity time graph produced when the cart moves away from the motion sensor. Equation (2) and (4) allows to see that net force is greater when the cart moves toward to the motion sensor then the one acting on the cart when it moves away because the direction of kinetic friction force got changed. In this lab you are expected to complete three separate experiments using the VirtualPhysics Labs environment. The first one will involve 5 runs on a horizontal track during which the total mass of the moving system is kept constant but the net applied force (hence the acceleration) varies from run to run. The objective will be to verify the linear relationship between acceleration and force by finding the unknown mass of the moving system and compare it with the expected value. In the second experiment you will determine the acceleration due to gravity. A loaded cart experiencing friction will be moving on a horizontal track in two opposite directions while acted on by a tension force coming from a hanging mass. The mass of the cart will stay constant. The correct value of gravitational acceleration calculated from your average acceleration data recorded for 2 different hanging masses should confirm the Newton’s Second Law. In the last exercise you will use a frictionless but tilted track and analyze the motion of a cart moving along such a track in order to determine the angle at which the cart will stay still for a given hanging mass. Objectives: Ø Demonstrate that the acceleration is proportional to the applied force and determine the mass of the system; Ø Validate the Newton’s Second Law by measuring the gravitational acceleration; Ø Find the condition for keeping the system motionless on a tilted track. Equipment: VirtualPhysicsLabs environment: dynamics track, a cart, pulley, mass hanger, set of masses, ultrasonic motion sensor recording the position of the cart as function of time; Logger Pro software. Procedure: Open KET simulation "Dynamics". Run the "Dynamics" lab. ASUonline PHY 122 Physics Laboratory Manual Page 4 of 10 PART 1. Horizontal, frictionless track and a moving system of constant mass Make sure the track is level (press the “Set θ = 0°” button), the “wheels” option is selected and the “Recoil” coefficient is set to 0. Click the “Brakes Off” button to engage the brakes to hold the cart in place. Drag the cart all the way to the left end of the track, next to the motion sensor. Figure 3. Simulation set-up for Part 1 Load the cart with the following masses: 2x200 grams, 100 grams and 5x10 grams. If you are not sure and need to check how much mass you have put on the cart, use the Zoom In feature available in the simulation – right-click on the object you want to magnify, can be repeated multiple times. You can also read the mass of the cart and additional masses of the cart in the informational box located at the left lower corner. Attach the string to the cart and run it over the right pulley. Next, hang a 50-gram mass hanger from the free end of the string. The maximum time shown in the graph window, “Tmax”, should be set to 10 seconds. Your experimental set-up is now ready for the first run (see Figure 2). Click the motion detector and turn off the brake. The system (cart + load + hanger) moves towards right with some constant acceleration. When the cart reaches the end of the track, stop the recording by clicking again the motion sensor and turn the brakes on. ASUonline PHY 122 Physics Laboratory Manual Page 5 of 10 Open Logger Pro software. In the virtual lab click “Copy the data to clipboard” and paste it into Logger Pro (CTRL+V). Label the columns (double click) in the data table appropriately and include correct units. Also, label the entire data set, for example given the name by the mass of the hanger (“50 grams”). Hint: double click on Data Set to label it. Double left - click on the graph window and check mark the Point Protectors box while deselecting the Connect Points option. In the Axes Options menu choose Autoscale for both Y-Axis and X-Axis. If the experimental system was moving with constant acceleration, the position vs. time data representing the system in motion should follow a quadratic function of form: x = x0 + v0t + ½ at2, (8) Or in general: y = Ax2 + Bx + C. On the graph highlight the part of data corresponding to the moving cart and fit this curve with quadratic function. To continue the experiment, go back to the Dynamic Track lab page. Move the cart (with the brakes on) all the way to the left end of track. Click the “Remove Top Mass” button decreasing this way the load on the cart by 10 grams and making it equal 540 grams. Since we want to keep the total mass of the moving system constant, after decreasing the mass of the load on the cart by 10 grams, we must add that 10 grams onto the hanger. For the new mass distribution collect the position vs. time data in the same fashion as you did it in the first run. When the second run is completed, copy the data to the clipboard and paste it into the same Logger Pro file but as a new Data Set. Hint: Data- New Data Set. The appropriate name for the second data set of data will be “60 grams” indicating how much mass is hanging from the string. Display the second data set in the