Use this worksheet to record your answers to the two activities that make up the Momentum Portfolio: the Seatbelt Design Portfolio activity and the Impact of Force Portfolio activity
Name Date © 2021 Pearson Virtual Schools. All rights reserved. 1 Momentum Portfolio Worksheet Directions: Use this worksheet to record your answers to the two activities that make up the Momentum Portfolio: the Seatbelt Design Portfolio activity and the Impact of Force Portfolio activity. When you are finished, save this worksheet with your answers and submit it for a portfolio grade. Seatbelt Design Portfolio Use what you have learned about motion, force, inertia, and efficiency to analyze how seatbelts and airbags function in a car crash and to consider how seatbelt and airbag design might be improved. Record your answers below. Question 1 a. Research the history of seatbelt design. Consider the milestones in the development of seatbelts shown in the table below and any others you might find. Add 2–3 milestones to the list. Year Seatbelt Design Improvements mid-1800s First seatbelt is invented by Sir George Cayley in England for use in the first manned glider, which he designed. His first test flight crashed, but the pilot survived. 1885 First seatbelt is patented in the U.S. by Edward J. Claghorn for use in NYC taxis. The belt was a strap with hooks that secured the rider. 1903 French inventor Gustave-Désiré Leveau of France designs a seatbelt system with both diagonal chest and lap belts that can be adjusted for drivers of different sizes. 1922 Restraining harness designed for use in Indy 500 races by Barney Oldfield, the first person to travel more than 60 mph. He had witnessed several drivers being ejected from vehicles on the racetrack. 1930s Medical professionals begin to campaign for seatbelts to become a standard feature. 1950 The first factory-installed lap belts are standard in cars made by Nash. 2 1951 Roger W. Griswold and Hugh DeHaven patent a design for a three- point seatbelt. 1955 Lap belts are offered as options by Ford and Chrysler. 1956 Findings by Consumer Reports show that many lap seatbelts fail to meet basic safety standards. 1959 First three-point lap-and-shoulder seatbelt is invented by Swedish engineer Nils Bohlin, Volvo’s first safety engineer. The diagonal design helps restrain the upper and lower body. 1961 Wisconsin becomes the first state to require cars to have seatbelts. 1968 The U.S. requires lap and shoulder belts to be installed in all cars. 1989 Cars are required to have three-point lap-and-shoulder seatbelts for the outside back seats. b. Compare the lap-only seatbelt design to the lap-plus-shoulder seatbelt design. What are the advantages of shoulder belts in terms of forces? 3 Question 2 Besides the addition of shoulder belts, what other seatbelt characteristics have changed over time? How did these changes improve seatbelt efficiency and safety? Question 3 Choose one experiment option: ● Experiment Option 1: Can you think of another way that seatbelts and airbags could be improved? Use what you have learned about crash tests involving dummies to design an experiment to test your idea. ● Experiment Option 2: Think of a question to investigate regarding the forces on a driver in a head-on collision with a brick wall. Design an experiment to test your idea using what you have learned about crash tests involving dummies. State the question you would like to answer. Express the outcome you would expect to see in the form of a hypothesis. Describe your experimental setup in detail. Which motion variable will you be testing? Which variables will you hold constant? What data will you collect and how will you analyze the results? 4 Research Question: Hypothesis: Detailed Description of Experimental Setup: Motion Variable to Be Tested: 5 Variables to Be Held Constant: Data to Be Collected: How Results Will Be Analyzed: 6 Force of Impact Portfolio Use what you have learned about calculating the force on drivers and passengers who are wearing and not wearing seatbelts during a collision to analyze how seatbelts and airbags save lives in a car crash. Question 1 In a crash test, experimenters found that the force of the impact caused the dummy to hit the windshield. What kinds of adjustments could be made to the car to slow down the collision and thus reduce the force on the driver and passengers? Question 2 A 75-kg crash test dummy in a car traveling at 30 m/s slams into a brick wall. If the time elapsed during the crash was 0.03 seconds without a seatbelt and 0.3 seconds with a seatbelt, calculate the difference in force. Show all steps in your calculations. 7 Question 3 a. Suppose the following data was collected during a 35 mph crash test using a 50% male crash test dummy, which has a mass of about 78 kg. Complete the table: ● Calculate the average change in velocity ( v∆ ) and time ( t∆ ) for tests with and without seatbelts. ● Calculate the force of each impact on the driver. ● Calculate the average force on the driver with seatbelts and without. Vehicle Number Driver Seatbelt Buckled (Y/N) Crash Test Delta-V v∆ (m/s) Crash Pulse Time t∆ (s) Force of Impact (N) m vF t ∆ = ∆ 1 N 11.4 0.117 2 N 16.0 0.101 3 N 14.9 0.094 4 N 16.4 0.104 5 N 17.0 0.101 AVERAGE: 1 Y 16.1 0.127 2 Y 14.4 0.125 3 Y 14.0 0.112 4 Y 15.2 0.105 5 Y 15.6 0.123 AVERAGE: 8 b. Describe any patterns you notice in the data you calculated. What would you expect to see during the slow-motion replay of each crash? How would the videos with and without seatbelts be different? 9 Question 4 Imagine that you want to compare the force of an impact on a child passenger compared to the force on an adult. Describe how you would change the experiment in Question 3. How could you predict the results based on the data collected in the previous example? What information would you collect during the crash test? Which variables would you hold constant? Which variables would you change? How would you evaluate your results? Which measurements would you expect to change for a child passenger? Which measurements might stay the same? Seatbelt Design Portfolio Name: Date: Additional Milestone #3 Date: Additional Milestone #2 Date: Additional Milestone #1 Date: Additional Milestone #1 Description: Additional Milestone #2 Description: Additional Milestone #3 Description: Question 3 Overview: Question 3 Hypothesis: Question 3 Detailed Description of Experimental Setup: Question 3 Motion Variable to Be Tested: Question 3 Variables to Be Held Constant: Question 3 Data to Be Collected: Question 3 How Results Will Be Analyzed: Question 1: Question 2: Question 3 Research Question: Vehicle 2, Seatbelt Not Buckled: Vehicle 3, Seatbelt Not Buckled: Vehicle 4, Seatbelt Not Buckled: Vehicle 5, Seatbelt Not Buckled: Vehicle 1, Seatbelt Not Buckled: Vehicle 1, Seatbelt Buckled: Vehicle 2, Seatbelt Buckled: Vehicle 3, Seatbelt Buckled: Vehicle 4, Seatbelt Buckled: Vehicle 5, Seatbelt Buckled: Average Force of Impact, Seatbelt Not Buckled: Average Force of Impact, Seatbelt Buckled: Average Crash Test Delta-V, Seatbelt Not Buckled: Average Crash Pulse Time, Seatbelt Not Buckled: Average Crash Test Delta-V, Seatbelt Buckled: Average Crash Pulse Time, Seatbelt Buckled: Question 1b: Question 4, Part 1: Question 4, Part 2: Question 4, Part 3: Question 4, Part 4: Question 4, Part 5: Question 4, Part 6: